The Pennsylvania grotto sculpin is known from just two caves of the Nippenose Valley in central Pennsylvania, USA. They exhibit emergent troglobitic morphological traits and are second northern-most cave adapted fish world. Two mitochondrial ( 16S rRNA D-loop gene) one nuclear S7 ribosomal protein gene intron) both epigean populations were sequenced. For three markers, a large proportion specim...

the above investigation represents one of ihe few studies carried out in the field of population genetics in iran. the differences in all three groups of siudies which have been carried oui by blood transfusion centres of the imperial army, red lion and sun and teheran university, inspired us to carry out further investigations on abo blood grouping and rh typing in order to obtain the result o...

Demography is the study of individuals as members of a population. The dynamics of a population are determined by collectively analyzing individual schedules of survival, growth, and reproduction. Together, these schedules are known as the vital rates of the population. The vital rates, along with dispersal, contribute to population structure, which refers to how the population is organized by ...