A substantial portion of the world's population does not have ready access to safe water. Moreover, obtaining water may involve great expense of time and energy for those who have no water sources in or near home. From an historical perspective, with the invention of piped water, fetching water has only recently become largely irrelevant in many locales. In addition, in most instances, wells an...

The severity of autism spectrum disorderwas strongly related to the education and service outcome. Without a clear profile of autistic population and its change, efforts to understand its nature and improve the quality of service or education will be impossible. The present study aims to describe the over time reported rate of autism severity based on a nationwide population-based 10 years regi...

The temporal distribution of nesting and mating in green turtles Chelonia mydas at Ascension Island (7° 57 ’S, 14° 22’ W) in the South Atlantic is described. Mathematical description of the seasonal pattern of nesting showed extreme similarity between seasons, and evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that observed patterns are driven by prevailing environmental temperature. Mating wa...

Dental caries is commonly used to provide information about the diet of populations, both archaeological and modern. A skeletal sample of 32 adults from the site of Almyros in Corfu, dating from the late Archaic (7th century B.C.) to the 2nd century A.D., was studied for caries and ante-mortem tooth loss (AMTL) with a special interest in sex differences. According to archaeological information ...

In light of the under-explored potential of Simon s theory of altruism, the purpose of the present article is to review his explanation of altruism and to point out some of its implications for behavioural economics and theories of economic organization. In the course of the argument, this article relates Simon s theory of altruism to Hamilton s theory of kinship selection and then proceeds to ...

The degree of sexual dimorphism in a trait may be determined directly by disruptive selection, as well as by correlations with other traits under selection. We grew seeds from nine populations of the dioecious plant Silene latifolia in a common-garden experiment to determine whether phenotypic variation and correlations existed for floral, leaf and resource allocation traits, and whether this v...

How to promote cooperative behavior is classically solved by incentives that lead self-interested individuals in socially desirable directions, but by now well-established laboratory results show that people often do act cooperatively, even at significant cost to themselves. These results suggest that cooperative dispositions might be an evolved part of human nature. Yet such dispositions appea...

We investigated the effects of adverse birth characteristics and social disadvantage upon educational outcomes over the lifecourse and across generations. Our subjects were 12,674 Swedish infants born 1915-1929 and 9,706 of their grandchildren born 1973-1980. Within both cohorts, better school achievement (schoolmarks in elementary school) was predicted by: heavier birthweight, lower birth orde...

Eldercide is an increasing category of homicide affecting members of one of society’s most vulnerable populations. Despite attention from health officials, policy makers, researchers, the public, and the criminal justice system, there remains a dearth of knowledge about the phenomenon. Examination of extant empirical works reveals overreliance on small localized subsamples drawn frequently from...

people over the age of 60 years. At present, around 50 million people in the world are living with dementia, and an estimated 30 million older adults are living with depression. They represent two of the world’s biggest health problems and are increasingly a major public health challenge given that the world’s population is ageing. Both disorders are associated with poorer overall health, socia...