Infratentorial cerebral hemorrhage due to a direct carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is very rare. To our knowledge, only four such cases have been reported. Cerebellar hemorrhage due to a direct CCF has not been reported. We describe a 63-year-old female who presented with reduced consciousness 3 days after undergoing a maxillectomy for maxillary cancer. Computed tomography showed a cerebellar h...

BACKGROUND Tonic inward and downward deviation of the eyes ("peering at the tip of the nose") is regarded as a unique feature of thalamic hemorrhage, but the mechanisms of this ocular finding remain obscure. OBJECTIVES To describe 4 patients who showed tonic inward and downward deviation of the eyes from brainstem or thalamic lesions and to discuss the possible mechanisms involved. DESIGN C...

We report on a 57-year-old woman with a pontine haemorrhage and an extremely prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of more than 240 s, suggestive of a coagulation disorder. Given the location of the haemorrhage, which is associated with a high mortality rate, recombinant factor VIIa was administered, although not all necessary laboratory analyses could be performed at that time...

Control of the timing of the inspiratory/expiratory (IE) phase transition is a hallmark of respiratory pattern formation. In principle, sensory feedback from pulmonary stretch receptors (Breuer-Hering reflex, BHR) is seen as the major controller for the IE phase transition, while pontine-based control of IE phase transition by both the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) and parabrachial complex...

Central pontine myelinolysis is a rare but devastating cause of morbidity and mortality after orthotopic liver transplant. The exact cause of central pontine myelinolysis is uncertain. However, rapid correction of hyponatremia has been described as a major factor. We describe a patient with central pontine myelinolysis after orthotopic liver transplant in the absence of significant hyponatremia...

The development of mossy-fibre projecting precerebellar neurons (PCN) presents a classical example of tangential neuronal migration. PCN migrate tangentially along marginal streams beneath the pial surface from the lower rhombic lip to specific locations in the hindbrain, where they form precerebellar nuclei. Among them, the pontine neurons follow a stereotypic anteroventral-directed pathway to...