Tauopathies represent a large class of neurological and movement disorders characterized by abnormal intracellular deposits of the microtubule-associated protein tau. It is now well established that mis-splicing of tau exon 10, causing an imbalance between three-repeat (3R) and four-repeat (4R) tau isoforms, can cause disease; however, the underlying mechanisms affecting tau splicing in neurons...

The IL-4R induces proliferation and gene expression through the use of conserved tyrosine residues located in growth and gene regulation domains, respectively. We demonstrate that residues surrounding these conserved tyrosines (juxtatyrosine residues) are essential for the proper activation of the signaling molecules IRS-2 and Stat6, as well as for IL-4-induced gene expression. Further, we foun...

The regulation of the interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) was studied at mRNA and protein level in monocytic cells on stimulation with activators of different intracellular signaling pathways and IL-4. Activation of protein kinase C-dependent pathways with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or activation of protein kinase A-dependent pathways with DBcAMP and prostaglandin E2 resulted in an augmented IL...

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by intracellular aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau. The tau protein exists in 6 predominant isoforms. Depending on alternative splicing of exon 10, three of these isoforms have four microtubule-binding repeat domains (4R), whilst the others only have three (3R). In PSP there is an excess of th...

We have utilized tau-assembled and tau-stabilized microtubules (MTs), in the absence of taxol, to investigate the effects of tau isoforms with three and four MT binding repeats upon kinesin-driven MT gliding. MTs were assembled in the presence of either 3-repeat tau (3R tau) or 4-repeat tau (4R tau) at tau:tubulin dimer molar ratios that approximate those found in neurons. MTs assembled with 3R...

Strain 4R is a phycocyanin-minus mutant of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain 6803. Although it lacks the light-harvesting protein phycocyanin, 4R has normal levels of phycocyanin (cpc) transcripts. Sequence analysis of the cpcB gene encoding the phycocyanin beta subunit shows an insertion mutation in 4R that causes early termination of translation. Other work has shown tha...

Asthma is an allergic disease characterized by hyperresponsiveness and chronic inflammation of the airway. The interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene and its single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with asthma susceptibility in children. A case-control study was performed to evaluate the relationship between asthma risk and the IL-4 rs2243250 (589 C/T) and rs2070874 (107 T/C), and IL-4 receptor (IL-4...

The increase of interleukin-4 (IL-4) level in tumor environment and the up-regulation of IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) on tumor cells have been long observed. However, their significance for tumor development has not been investigated. Here, we found that endogenous IL-4 promotes tumor growth because neutralizing IL-4 by 11B11 monoclonal antibody (mAb) significantly delayed the growth of MCA205 fibrosa...

A plant glycosphingolipid, O-(beta-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1----4)-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1----1)-(2 S,3S,4R)-4-hydroxy-N-tetracosanoylsphinganine 1, and the stereoisomer, O-(alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1----4)-O-(beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-(1----1)-( 2S,3S,4R)-4-hydroxy-N-tetracosanoylsphinganine 6, were synthesized in a stereo- and regio-controlled way.

The paper discusses an interchange format for performance data and corpora. We compare the widely accepted XML-based formats for music notation, WEDELMUSIC XML and MusicXML. We propose adopting MusicXML as our interchange format and show an example using it. Last, we suggest a small change to MusicXML for our purposes (MusicXML(4R)) and present a tool for generating MusicXML(4R).