abstract polymyxa betae is an obligate parasite and has a worldwide distribution. this fungus is a soil-borne root endoparasite in some plant families such as portulaceae, chenopodiaceae and amaranthaceae. this fungus is the vector of many plant viruses such as beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) which causes the disease known as rhizomania. bnyvv is the most economical important viral dise...

Chemically managed plants impose environmental risks to humans and environment. Using biological approaches control plant diseases is a more effective environment friendly alternative. The approach disease refers controlling by using organisms like fungi, bacteria viruses. This can be done introduction or utilization of resident antagonistic living organisms. Biological achieved through differe...

Cephalexin (1) was acylated using N-acylbenzotriazoles (3a-k') derived from various carboxylic acids including aromatic, heterocyclic and N-Pg-α-amino acid to afford N-acylcephalexins in excellent yields (82%-96%). Antibacterial screening of the novel cephalosporins revealed that all targets (4a-j) retained the antibacterial activity of cephalexin against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538). N-Ni...

Electron micrographs of negatively stained preparations of cell walls of Bacillus polymyxa have been investigated by optical diffraction and optical filtering techniques. Images of single layers of the cell wall, from which the ' noise' has been filtered optically, show hollow, squareshaped morphological units arranged on a square lattice of side 100 A. Single-layer images showing the same patt...

Madeleine J. Smith, Michael J. Adams and Elaine Ward 3 4 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, 5 Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK. 6 7 Corresponding Author: 8 Dr. Elaine Ward 9 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology 10 Rothamsted Research, 11 Harpenden, 12 Hertfordshire, 13 AL5 2JQ, 14 UK. 15 Tel: + 44 (0) 1582 763133 ext.2495 16 Fax: +44 (0) 1582 760...

BACKGROUND Extensive quantities of keratinic by-products are disposed annually by animal-processing industry, causing a mounting ecological problem due to extreme resilience of these materials to enzymatic breakdown. There is a growing trend to apply cheap and environment-friendly methods to recycle keratinic wastes. Soil bacteria of profound keratinolytic potential, especially spore-forming ro...