*Correspondence: David Delmail, CNRS UMR 6226 ISCR (Institute of Chemical Sciences of Rennes), University of Rennes 1, 2 Ave. Prof. Léon Bernard, F-35043 Rennes Cedex, France e-mail: david.delmail@ univ-rennes1.fr Inland waters are extremely sensitive to inputs of contaminants. Increasing human activities lead to a rise in organic and inorganic pollutants leading to acidification or eutrophicat...

BACKGROUND Several extensive studies of exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) using urinary concentrations in samples from the general population, farm applicators, and farm family members are now available. Reference doses (RfDs) exist for 2,4-D, and Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs; concentrations in urine or plasma that are consistent with those RfDs) for 2,4-D have recently been ...

Procedures for risk assessment of chemical mixtures, combined and cumulative exposures are under development, but the scientific database needs considerable expansion. In particular, there is a lack of knowledge on how to monitor effects of complex exposures, and there are few reviews on biomonitoring complex exposures. In this review we summarize articles in which biomonitoring techniques have...

• Urban heavy metal pollution is an important health issue. Foliar profiling used to quantified the magnitude of urban contamination. C and N isotopic composition presented as a novel bio-monitoring tool. Monitoring different sources contamination (soil air) are discussed. Optimal sampling time for purposes suggested. Anthropogenic issue in areas, therefore rapid inexpensive monitoring space de...

The previous assessment intends to support the inaugural International Mussel Watch program's use of marine mussels as biomonitors potentially toxic metals in aquacultural areas has been considered low novelty even though it is a necessary biomonitoring. When looked into connections between and Nexus seafood-water-energy, questions can be raised up because there apparently no such discussion li...