In social groups composed of kin, inclusive fitness benefits can favor greater cooperation. Alternatively, cooperation can be enforced through the policing of less cooperative individuals. Here, we show that the effect of policing can be twofold: not only can it directly suppress individual selfishness, it can also entirely remove the incentive for individuals to act selfishly in the first plac...

Kin selection theory has been used to generate several useful frameworks in the field of evolutionary ecology. We briefly review the research on two main theoretical predictions for sex ratio variation among colonies, and for worker policing, using a relatedness framework in paper wasps. Contrary to the studies of advanced eusocial wasps, conclusive evidence showing worker control of sex ratio ...

III. LIABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY: UNCOVERING AND POLICING ADVERSE EVENTS 65 A. The Obligation to Disclose Adverse Events 67 1. Refining the parameters of adverse events 69 2. Mandatory adverse event reporting 72 3. Sharpening the adverse event definition 74 4. Improving mandatory reporting 75 5. Bans on confidentiality agreements for adverse event claims 76 B. Malpractice Insurance as a Tool for...

Events in Ferguson and Baltimore in the United States in the past 3 years have brought to light issues related to the militarization of police and adverse police–citizen interactions. Through federal programs and grants, local law enforcement agencies have been able to acquire surplus military items to combat terrorism and drug activity. The acquisition of these items has accelerated over the p...

Autonomous agents within a multi-agent system can undertake behaviors that, while profitable for them, are damaging to the system as a whole. One way of regulating an agent’s behavior is by obliging it to act in accordance with a set of specifications set out in a contract, and sanctioning it otherwise. In this paper, We propose a framework that performs two major subtasks of contract based beh...

The Policing and Reducing Crime Unit (PRC) was formed in 1998 as a result of the merger of the Police Research Group (PRG) and the Research and Statistics Directorate. PRC Unit is now part of the Research, Development and Statistics Directorate of the Home Office. The PRC Unit carries out and commissions research in the social and management sciences on policing and crime reduction, broadening ...