Abstract This article analyzes a little-known practice called iqtirāḥ —“test of poetic talent” or “poetic competition”—that proliferated in twentieth-century Persian-language periodicals. It examines two case studies: one Tehran 1928, which mythologized Nādir Shah (r. 1736–1747), Turko-Persian monarch, as national hero, and Kabul 1932, eulogized Muḥammad 1920–1933), ruling monarch at the time, ...

Within communicative language teaching, “natural” language has had a privileged position, and a focus on form has been seen as something inauthentic or as something that is inconsequential for learning (for a critique, cf. Kramsch and Sullivan 1996; Cook 1997, 2001). Yet, in the present study of an immersion classroom, it was found that children with limited L2 proficiency recurrently employed ...

Biological systems grow, live, adapt, and reproduce, characteristics that are not truly encompassed by any existing computing system. If one considers life on Earth since its very beginning, three levels of organization can be distinguished: phylogeny, ontogeny, and epigenesis. Machines that combine evolutionary mechanisms (Phylogeny), developmental processes (Ontogeny), and learning algorithms...

This article, entitled as 'Multifarious nature in Bharathy’s Lyrical Literature', serves a research paper for the seminar organized with aim of exploring diversity Tamil grammar and literature exposing multifarious Tamil. There are lot rich literatures that express field Grammar Literature. However, grammatical literature, Bharathiyar's poetic excel simplicity, sweetness, novelty revolution whi...

The power of poetry is universally acknowledged, but it is debatable whether its appreciation is reserved for experts. Here, we show that readers with no particular knowledge of a traditional form of Welsh poetry unconsciously distinguish phrases conforming to its complex poetic construction rules from those that violate them. We studied the brain response of native speakers of Welsh as they re...

One of the oldest and most pleasant and efficient kinds of poetry, which have attracted the attention of scholars and lovers of poetry since the beginning of the Persian poetry until now, is elegy. Khaghani Shervani is one of the poets who wrote after this genre and composed many memorable and beautiful elegies. The poet, who like many other people experienced happy and sad events and occasions...

extended abstract 1. introduction modernism is among the most important cultural, political, economic and social issues of our time, the most important constituent of which is change. thus, it is quite natural that this concept confronts that of tradition, whose essence is intertwined with stagnation. tradition has been used in three senses: 1) what is called islamic and shite tradition? (sunna...

abstract stylistics is a critical approach focusing lexically, intellectually, and literally on the text to extract main literary elements of the text. as a result, literary text can be supposed as its basis and in fact, stylistics is originated from the text. this analytic-descriptive study is to analyze a poem by …….(1983-1940) as one of the outstanding pioneers of literary movement in eg...