The majority of positive-strand RNA viruses of plants replicate and selectively encapsidate their progeny genomes into stable virions in cytoplasmic compartments of the cell where the opportunity to copackage cellular RNA also exists. Remarkably, highly purified infectious virions contain almost exclusively viral RNA, suggesting that mechanisms exist to regulate preferential packaging of viral ...

Conclusion. Thus, as a result of the annual (2001 2005) serum monitoring relating to the horse horse equine influenza, it was set that antibodies to the equine influenza virus were registered in the horse blood wheys of both vaccinated and not vaccinated for this disease. Circulation among horses from different farms in Ukraine of not registered before strains of the horse equine influenza viru...

Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) and Tomato ringspot virus (TomRV) were compared with regard to possible ways of interand intracellular translocation. The pore complexes in the nuclear membranes of nuclei in leaf palisade and mesophyll cells of several plant species commonly used in plant virus research were studied. The pore structure resembled that earlier described. The diameter of the pore...

Viruses cause epidemics on all major cultures of agronomic importance, representing a serious threat to global food security. As strict intracellular pathogens, they cannot be controlled chemically and prophylactic measures consist mainly in the destruction of infected plants and excessive pesticide applications to limit the population of vector organisms. A powerful alternative frequently empl...

C. Stange. 2006. Plantvirus interactions during the infective process. Cien. Inv. Agr. (in English) 33(1):1-18.Viruses that infect plants are generally single-stranded (ss) positive-sense RNA viruses. The accumulation of the virus progeny inside the plant cells involves translation, replication, cell–to-cell and long-distance movement of viral sequences. Over the past 30 years high progress has...

An increasing number of animal and plant viruses have been shown to undergo RNA-RNA recombination, which is defined as the exchange of genetic information between nonsegmented RNAs. Only some of these viruses have been shown to undergo recombination in experimental infection of tissue culture, animals, and plants. However, a survey of viral RNA structure and sequences suggests that many RNA vir...

Viruses are common agents of plant infectious diseases. During last decades, worldwide agriculture production has been compromised by a series of epidemics caused by new viruses that spilled over from reservoir species or by new variants of classic viruses that show new pathogenic and epidemiological properties. Virus emergence has been generally associated with ecological change or with intens...

Over the last few decades, posttranslational modification of proteins by the addition of ubiquitin (Ub) and degradation by the Ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has emerged as a critical regulatory process in virtually all aspects of cell biology, including host /pathogen interactions. Recent findings point to the importance of Ub-related pathways during viral infection in plants. Some viruses ...

Viral protein synthesis is completely dependent upon the host cell's translational machinery. Canonical translation of host mRNAs depends on structural elements such as the 5' cap structure and/or the 3' poly(A) tail of the mRNAs. Although many viral mRNAs are devoid of one or both of these structures, they can still translate efficiently using non-canonical mechanisms. Here, we review the tool...

2 Mixed virus infections in plants are common in nature. The outcome of such virus-virus interactions ranges from cooperation and coexistence (synergism) to mutual exclusion (antagonism). A priori, the outcome of mixed infections is hard to predict. To date, the analyses of plant virus mixed infections were limited to reports of emerging symptoms and/or to qualitative, at best quantitative, des...