all biological samples emit ultra-low intensity light without any external stimulation. recently, scientific communities have paid particular attention to this phenomenon, known as ultra-weak photon emission (upe). upe has been introduced in the literature as an alternative for biophoton, low-level chemiluminescence and ultra-weak bioluminescence, while it differs from ordinary bioluminescence,...

Objective(s): In this study we evaluate the impact of the different aspects of Gold Nano-Particles (GNPs) on the target absorptive Dose Enhancement Factor (DEF) during external targeted radiotherapy with photon beams ranging from kilovolt to megavolt energies using Monte Carlo simulation. Methods: We have simulated the interaction of photon beams wi...

Purpose: To investigate the energy dependence/spectral sensitivity of silicon diodes designed for small-field dosimetry and obtain response factors (RFs) for arbitrary photon spectra using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations.   Methods: The EGSnrc user-code DOSRZnrc was used to calculate the dose deposition in water and in the active volume of a stereotactic diode f...

As dimensions in state-of-the-art CMOS devices shrink to less than 0.1 pm, even low levels of impurities on wafer surfaces can cause device degradation. Conventionally, metal contamination on wafer surfaces is measured using Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TXRF). However, commercially available TXRF systems do not have the necessary sensitivity for measuring the lower levels o...

OBJECTIVES To demonstrate that titanium implant surfaces as little as 4 weeks from production are contaminated by atmospheric hydrocarbons. This phenomenon, also known as biological ageing can be reversed by UVC irradiation technically known as photofunctionalization. To propose a new model from our experimental evidence to explain how the changes in chemical structure of the surface will affec...

The concept of in-air output ratio Sc was introduced to characterize how the incident photon fluence per monitor unit or unit time for a Co-60 unit varies with collimator settings. However, there has been much confusion regarding the measurement technique to be used that has prevented the accurate and consistent determination of Sc. The main thrust of the report is to devise a theoretical and m...

Germanium detectors allow for an accurate detection of complex contamination cases involving multiple nuclides, but they are available in smaller sizes than scintillators and therefore require careful optimisation of the counting configuration. This work describes the complete redesign of the partialbody and whole-body counter installed at IVM (KIT, Karlsruhe) and the first results of its appli...

human body consists of some tissues among which bone is one of the important living and growing tissue . in this research, energy absorption buildup factor (eabf) values of 27 types of bone have been computed for photon energy 0.03 to 1.5 mev up to 40 mean free path (40mfp) penetration depths. the inner bone tissue, spongiosa and male sternum had the largest values of eabf in low photon energie...

background: radiation therapy  uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells. photoneutron contamination and induced radioactivity of high energy therapeutic photon beams are considered as the main source of occupational exposure to radiation therapists who works with linear accelerators operating above 10 mv. materials and methods: the gamma dose rates were measured after termination of diff...

the risk of disease spread through water, fruits and vegetables contaminated through unclean waters varies from region to another. springs and underground water resources are essentially free of germs or they have tolerable levels of germs; unless they are infected by surface water or human excreta. scientific reports have shown that outbreaks of food-borne illnesses especially foods such as fr...