Learning methods vary in the optimism or pessimism with which they regard the informativeness of learned knowledge. Pessimism is implicit in hypothesis testing, where we wish to draw cautious conclusions from experimental evidence. However, this paper demonstrates that optimism in the utility of derived rules may be the preferred bias for learning systems themselves. We examine the continuum be...

In this paper, we investigate the pessimistic bilevel linear optimization problem (PBLOP). Based on the lower level optimal value function and duality, the PBLOP can be transformed to a single-level while nonconvex and nonsmooth optimization problem. By use of linear optimization duality, we obtain a tractable and equivalent transformation and propose algorithms for computing global or local op...

EDI has been promoted as a technology which helps to reduce conflict and enhances collaboration and ‘partnership’ between trading organisations. Is this always the case? In what circumstances are organisations continuing to interact in adversarial ways, and for what reasons? To answer this question, we start by examining the development and application of an EDI network in the motor industry. w...

Individuals have distinctive ways of speaking and writing, and there exists a long history of linguistic and stylistic investigation into authorship attribution. In recent years, practical applications for authorship attribution have grown in areas such as intelligence (linking intercepted messages to each other and to known terrorists), criminal law (identifying writers of ransom notes and har...

The purpose of this study was to explore the role that perceived childhood attachment, family functioning and attribution styles have in social anxiety of high school students. 430 Iranian students were selected by multistage cluster sampling from high schools of Isfahan city. Participants completed measures of childhood attachment to each parent (Hazen and Shaver, 1986), the family adaptabilit...

Traditional authorship attribution approaches have made attempts at capturing features that were designed heuristically – researchers guessed at which aspects of language would best separate one author from another and then performed experiments to see how valid their assumptions were. While this approach has met some success, it also proves to be unscalable – most test collections to date have...

Task completion plans normally resemble best-case scenarios and yield overly optimistic predictions of completion times. The authors induced participants to generate more pessimistic scenarios and examined completion predictions. Participants described a pessimistic scenario of task completion either alone or with an optimistic scenario. Pessimistic scenarios did not affect predictions or accur...

in this paper, it is assumed that the “decision making units“( ) are consist of positive and negative input and output. firstly, the optimistic and pessimistic models have been suggested by using negative data and then units with most productive scale size are measured in optimistic and pessimistic models. these productive values are compared with double frontiers and hurwicz’s criterion to obt...

The reformulated learned helplessness model claims that the tendency to explain bad events by internal, stable, and global causes potentiates quitting when bad events are encountered. We tested this prediction in the work setting with individuals who frequently experience bad events. Explanatory style, as measured by the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), correlated with and predicted the...