At the time of its publication, Nima Yushij’s “Qoqnus” (The Phoenix) emerged as a radical departure from the norms and conventions of classical Persian poetry. Nima employed phoenix symbolism in this poem to present his zeal for a literary renaissance. Likewise, George Darley (1795-1846), the Irish Romantic poet who found himself lonely and isolated at the mitigating time borders of Romanticism...

today, the literary critics divids poetry into four main kinds. they are epic, dramatic, lyric, or didactic poetry. in order to determine the literary genre of a hymn, its definition should be considered. it is a sort of poetry containing silent prayers, the statements of being needy and impotent, etc. praising the greatness of god. it is also performed in the purity of heart and the tenderness...

Parvin Iʿtisami (1907–1941), the first important twentieth-century woman poet of Iran, was well versed in classical Persian poetry. Her knowledge English language and education at American school for girls as her father’s translations from foreign literature contributed to appreciation modern ideas, including women’s rights. Unlike some contemporaries early twentieth century who tried revolutio...

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