Clonidine, in low intravenous doses, inhibited the increased heart rate of pithed rats caused by peripheral sympathetic nerve stimulation. The magnitude of this effect was greatest at low frequencies of nerve stimulation, responses to high frequencies being little affected by the drug. In contrast, guanethidine reduced cardiac responses to both low and high rates of nerve stimulation. The diffe...

Interfacing with the peripheral nervous system is a powerful method for diagnosing and treating several diseases, such as drug-resistant epilepsy depression. In most clinical applications, large nerves vagus hypoglossal nerve are targeted. Large carry multiple fibers, maintaining selectivity of specific target response demands complex stimulation strategies. As trunks bifurcate toward their dis...

Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) and percutaneous neuromodulation therapy (PNT) are therapies that combine the features of electroacupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). PENS is performed with a few needle electrodes while PNT uses very fine needle-like electrode arrays that are placed in close proximity to the painful area to stimulate peripheral sen...

The introduction of nerve stimulation as a method of nerve localization sparked a new beginning in regional anesthesia. It was an epochal development akin to the utilization of ultrasound in more recent times. Many experts now consider ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blockade to be more efficient, less painful, and more successful than landmark and nerve stimulation techniques. However, inad...

The use of peripheral nerve block as the sole anesthetic in infants is not very common. Studies have demonstrated that ultrasound guided (USG) peripheral nerve block is associated with higher overall success rate when compared with nerve stimulation (Rubin et al., 2009, and Gelfand et al., 2011). Described below is a medically complex infant who had an USG axillary brachial plexus block for per...