the effect of imidacloprid on the greenhouse whitefly and parasitoid wasp studied in greenhouse conditions, on lantana camara l., in a completely randomized block design with five treatments of 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.16 g/liter of insecticide and control (water) for two periods of short and long term (seven and 125 days after treatment). in short term the difference of mean of the adults’ mort...

the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner), is an important insect pest of corn, zea mays l., crop in moghan region. in field experiments, the density of eggs and larvae of o.nubilalis and percentage of eggs and larvae parasitisms were studied on four corn hybrids ns704 (commercial cultivar), ns770, ns640 and mv524 (cultivars with high yield). furthermore, in this study, the predators...

MethodsUsing time series data of national level (1967 to 2012 years), we explored the association between total fertility rate, GDP per capita, number of physician per 1000 populations, female labor force participation rate, percentage of people living in rural regions and mean years schooling for each people with infant mortality rate of Iran. These data were obtained from Central Bank of Isla...

Spodoptera litura is a major threat to agricultural crops all over the world including Pakistan. It has developed resistance several chemicals, especially synthetic insecticides. Plant based chemicals like extracts may serve as suitable and alternative biocontrol methods for pests in future. The current study was conducted determine biology of S. on cabbage effects two botanicals i.e. Azadirach...

Photoperiod induced dormancy for 14 North American strains of Aedes albopictus were determined at 21, 26 and 29 degrees C. Strains tested at 21 degrees C and intermediate temperatures of 25-27 degrees C demonstrated clear photoperiodic responses whereas temperatures of 29 degrees C and above, greatly reduced or negated diapause incidence. A suboptimal larval diet increased the percentage diapau...

Understanding the behavior of pests targeted with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) crops is important to define resistance management strategies. Particularly the study of larval movement between plants is important to determine the feasibility of refuge configurations. Exposure to Bt maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), has been suggested to increase larval movement in lepidopteran species but fe...

In marine benthic ecosystems, larval connectivity is a major process influencing the maintenance and distribution of invertebrate populations. Larval connectivity is a complex process to study as it is determined by several interacting factors. Here we use an individual-based, biophysical model, to disentangle the effects of such factors, namely larval vertical migration, larval growth, larval ...