Assume that a compound Poisson surplus process is invested in a stochastic interest process which is assumed to be a Lévy process. We derive recursive and integral equations for ruin probabilities with such an investment. Lower and upper bounds for the ultimate ruin probability are obtained from these equations. When the interest process is a Brownian motion with drift, we give a unified treatm...

In real optimization problems, usually the analytical expression of the objective function is not known, nor its derivatives, or they are complex. In these cases it becomes essential to use optimization methods where the calculation of the derivatives, or the verification of their existence, is not necessary: the Direct Search Methods or Derivative-free Methods are one solution. When the proble...

This article compares three penalty terms with respect to the efficiency of supervised learning, by using first- and second-order off-line learning algorithms and a first-order on-line algorithm. Our experiments showed that for a reasonably adequate penalty factor, the combination of the squared penalty term and the second-order learning algorithm drastically improves the convergence performanc...

This paper proposes per unit coding for combined economic emission load dispatch problem. In the proposed coding, it is possible to apply the percent effects of elements in any number and with high accuracy in objective function. In the proposed per unit coding, each function is transformed into per unit form based on its own maximum value and has a value from 0 to 1. In this paper, particle sw...

in this article using comparative multi-purpose algorithm of pso, optimum capacity of new resources and their spinning storage is defined. spinning reserve requirements and optimized to maximize profit per unit is determined according to uncertainty. in fact by increasing the level of cost reservation, power supply increases but penalty of blackout decreases. in this paper in has been tried to ...