Trunk exercise speed has significant effects on neuro-mechanical demands; however, the influence of a variety of exercise speeds on motor control of the trunk displacement remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of performance speed on trunk motion control during the curl-up exercise by analyzing the kinematic variance about the sagittal trajectory. Seventeen subjects vo...

The cephalic and pectoral girdle structures of the erethistid Erethistes pusillus (Erethistinae) are described and compared with those of another species of the subfamily Erethistinae, namely Hara filamentosa, and of the single species of the subfamily Continae, Conta conta, as well as of several other catfishes, as the foundation for a discussion on the synapomorphies and phylogenetic position...

In therian mammals, gravitational and locomotor forces are transferred between the forelimb and trunk primarily, or entirely, through the muscles that connect the limb and trunk. Our understanding of this force transmission is based on analyses of shoulder anatomy and on a handful of descriptive electromyographic studies. To improve our understanding, we manipulated the locomotor forces of trot...

Pax 1 is a member of the paired-box containing gene family. Expression has previously been observed in the developing sclerotomes and later in the anlagen of the intervertebral discs. Analysis of Pax 1-deficient undulated mice revealed an important role for this gene in the development of the axial skeleton, in which Pax 1 apparently functions as a mediator of notochordal signals during sclerot...

Overhead athletes often suffer shoulder and elbow injuries. More often than not these arise insidiously without any obvious trauma. The usual culprit is cumulative overload or repetitive strain. Weight lifting exercises (e.g. lateral deltoid raise, military press, dips, regular or incline barbell press), throwing overhand (e.g. baseball, football), or hitting overhead (tennis serve or overhead,...

The mobility of the shoulder girdle is a complex interaction of arthrology and neuromotor control[1]. Over 780,000 persons in the United States have a new or recurrent stroke each year. Residual, motor impairments such as weakness and incoordination can lead to changes in shoulder function and mobility. Alterations in shoulder elevation and scapular upward rotation are related to shoulder pain ...

Secondary flightlessness has evolved independently many times in birds. Morphological changes in the pectoral girdle and flight feathers and changes in body size have been associated with the evolution of flightlessness, and it has also been suggested that flightless birds have relatively small brains. We therefore tested whether flightlessness is related to changes in relative brain size. Rela...

Traditional sternal precautions, given to sternotomy patients as part of their discharge education, are intended to help prevent sternal wound complications. They vary widely but generally include arbitrary load and time restrictions (lifting no more than a specified weight for up to 12 weeks) and may prohibit common shoulder joint and shoulder girdle movements. Having observed the negative eff...