Programmed death-ligand (PD-L)1 and PD-L2, newer B7 superfamily members, are implicated in the negative regulation of immune responses and peripheral tolerance. To examine their function in alloimmunity, we used the murine model of orthotopic corneal transplantation. We demonstrate that PD-L1, but not PD-L2, is constitutively expressed at high levels by the corneal epithelial cells, and at low ...

Whether fibroblasts regulate immune response is a crucial issue in the modulation of inflammatory responses. Herein, we demonstrate that foreskin fibroblasts (FFs) potently inhibit CD3+ T cell proliferation through a mechanism involving early apoptosis of activated T cells. Using blocking antibodies, we demonstrate that the inhibition of T cell proliferation occurs through cell-to-cell interact...

We consider the problem of approximating the unknown density u ∈ L2(Ω, λ) of a measure μ on Ω ⊂ Rn, absolutely continuous with respect to some given reference measure λ, from the only knowledge of finitely many moments of μ. Given d ∈ N and moments of order d, we provide a polynomial pd which minimizes the mean square error ∫ (u− p)2dλ over all polynomials p of degree at most d. If there is no ...

Let V be a vector space over K. For each nonnegative integer k let Pk(V ) be the set of k-subspaces of V . For positive d (≤ dimV ), let Ld(V ) be the set of pairs (U,W ) with U ∈ Pd−1(V ), W ∈ Pd+1(V ), and U ≤ W . We also set B− d (V ) = Pd−1(V ), B + d (V ) = Pd+1(V ), and Bd(V ) = B − d (V ) ∪ B + d (V ). In the case V = K and d = 2, we can view P2(V ) and L2(V ) as the points and lines of ...

The roles of myeloid‑derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T‑cells (Tregs) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remain elusive. present study aimed to analyze the proportions granulocytic monocytic populations MDSCs (G‑MDSCs M‑MDSCs, respectively), Tregs peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMCs) patients with AMI. recruited 34 AMI 37 healthy controls without clinical signs ischemia. PBMCs ...

The programmed death (PD)-1 molecule and its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2), negative regulatory members of the B7 family, play an important role in peripheral tolerance. Previous studies have demonstrated that PD-1 is up-regulated on T cells following TCR-mediated activation; however, little is known regarding PD-1 and Ag-independent, cytokine-induced T cell activation. The common gamma-chain (gamm...

We recently reported that mast cells stimulated via FcepsilonRI aggregation can enhance T cell activation by a TNF-dependent mechanism. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for such IgE-, Ag- (Ag-), and mast cell-dependent enhancement of T cell activation remain unknown. In this study we showed that mouse bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells express various costimulatory molecules, ...

BACKGROUND Mycobacterium-induced granulomas are the interface between bacteria and host immune response. During acute infection dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for mycobacterial dissemination and activation of protective T cells. However, their role during chronic infection in the granuloma is poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report that an inflammatory subset of murine...

Genetic alterations and epigenetic dysregulation in cancer cells create a vast array of neoepitopes potentially recognizable by the immune system. Immune checkpoint blockade has the capacity to enhance and sustain endogenous immunity against non-mutated tumor-associated antigens as well as uniquely mutant antigens, establishing durable tumor control. Recent evidence from preclinical models high...