The impact of installing process control systems can be expected in terms of performance improvements through reduced operating costs.  Since these installations impose considerable capital expenditure, the profitability of the new systems should be economically justified. Controlled variable trend was reconstructed by a combination of simple waves, which provided a means to simulate the ef...

The ability of renewable resources to provide all of society's energy needs is shown by using the United States as an example. Various renewable systems are presented, and the issues of energy payback, carbon dioxide abatement, and energy storage are addressed. Pathways for renewable hydrogen generation are shown, and the implementation of hydrogen technologies into the energy infrastructure is...

Cultural value and heritage have been identified as necessary for a sustainable living environment, alongside environmental concern energy efficiency. In this study, multiple methods, i.e., life cycle assessment, payback, questionnaires interviews with tenants, empirical data from recent renovation of multi-residential pre-war building wooden construction were used to analyse the impact on cult...

Abstract There is considerable concern that consuming forest biomass for energy will increase net carbon emissions from forests, which defined as debt. Using a market-based economic model, we test the effects of 51 demand pathways bioenergy on future stocks to assess likelihood incurring sustained debt lasting several decades. We show potential expansion, measured near-term decrease in sequestr...

This paper focuses on the assessment of possibilities to subsidize the purchase and installation of solar collectors in Poland by government or local government grants and special funds designed for this purpose. It analysis of costs and profi ts resulting from the application of solar installations in the process of heat generation for household requirements, by calculating the payback time, w...

The life cycle design framework was applied to photovoltaic (PV) module design. The primary objective of this project was to develop and evaluate design metrics for assessing and guiding the improvement of PV product systems. Two metrics were used to assess life cycle energy performance of a PV module: energy payback time and electricity production efficiency. These metrics are based on materia...

Pelleting costs money, and better pellets cost a little more. Payback comes in the form of convenience in handling the feed and more efficient use of the feed by the animal. Improved efficiency is due in part to heat processing which reduces pathogens and makes starches more digestible. A significant portion of the improvement is related to the physical form of the pellet. Durable pellets reduc...