The choroid is a highly pigmented and vascularized ocular tissue providing the vascular supply of the outer retinal layers. It may be affected by various retinal and choroidal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), age-related choroidal atrophy (ARCA), high/pathologic myopia, choroidal melanoma, ...

Refractive error (RE), particularly myopia, is the first cause of visual impairment throughout the world. This study aimed to depict the prevalence of myopia in a multicentric series of French individuals.This cross-sectional analysis was carried out between January 2012 and November 2013 in eye clinics dedicated to REs. Data collection included age, gender, best-corrected visual acuity, RE, an...

Investigations into the plasticity of eye growth and refractive error development have significantly expanded our knowledge of animal models of myopia in the last 15 yr. The applicability of this information is as yet undetermined, but hopefully this information will be useful in learning more about human myopia. This paper presents a critical review of the animal myopia literature as those dat...

PURPOSE We investigated the independent impact of potential risk factors on myopia in young adults. METHODS A survey study was conducted with male military conscripts aged 18 to 24 years between February 2010 and March 2011 in Taiwan. The participants were examined using non-cycloplegic autorefraction and biometry. The participants provided data about potential risk factors, including age, pa...

Myopia has become epidemic in the world. Without effective control, the progression may lead to excessive myopia with severe complications affecting vision and ocular alignment. The genetic factors and environmental factors of myopia are closely interrelated to each other. Asian ethnicity and parental myopia, among other genetic factors, influence the refractive outcome dramatically when enviro...

Myopia is a problem of public health concern in Singapore for three reasons. Firstly, the prevalence of myopia (more than −0.5 dioptres (D)) is one of the highest worldwide. Twenty per cent of Singapore children are myopic at 7 years at the start of their primary education, with prevalence exceeding 70% upon completing college education. Other population based studies showed myopia prevalence o...

PURPOSE To investigate the impact of a positive family history of high myopia on the level and onset of myopia and its ocular components. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted. The participants (aged 17 to 45 years) were categorized into four groups: normal, mild, moderate, and high myopia. The age of first glasses for myopia was used as the onset of myopia. The impact of the family h...

This is a review of the current literature describing the effect of atropine, bifocals, and/or contact lenses on slowing the progression of myopia. Cumulative data from a number of studies have demonstrated atropine instilled once a day in myopic eyes resulted in a 90% average reduction of myopia progression, as compared to untreated eyes, i.e., from 0.50 D/year to 0.05 D/year. Pirenzepine, a m...

Myopia is considered to be a leading cause of visual impairment. Furthermore, the prevalence of myopia in young adolescents has increased substantially over the past few decades. Although myopia was identified more than two thousands years ago, a consistently effective approach to myopia control for all patients still eludes clinicians. Among all the treatments mentioned in this review, the mos...