The study was designed to investigate the role of the activation of class III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in the behavioral activity of angiotensin II (AngII). The experiments were performed on adult male Wistar rats. Stimulation of group III mGluRs was evoked by icv injection of agonist, L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4) (5 microl of 80 mM solution of L-AP4). Fifteen minu...

  Abstract   Introduction: Diabetes mellitus accompanies with disturbances in learning, memory, and cognitive skills in the human society and experimental animals. Considering the beneficial antidiabetic potential of Nigella sativum (NS ), this research study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chronic consumption of NS on learning and memory in diabetic rats using passive avoidance and Y-m...

Introduction: Lower level of estrogen hormone is considered as an important factor for loss of learning and memory in postmenopausal women. Although estrogen replacement therapy is used for compensation, but long-term usage of estrogen is associated with a higher risk of hormonedependent cancers. Phytoestrogens, due to fewer side effects, have been proposed to prevent menopause-related co...

Background: Excitotoxicity is a common pathological process in neurodegenerative diseases associated with overactivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and P/Q type voltage-gated calcium (Cav2.1) channels. Omega-lycotoxin-Gsp2671g is a therapeutic tool to modulate overactive Cav2.1 (P/Q type) channels. Omega-lycotoxin binds to Cav2.1 channels with high affinity and selectivity. This study aimed t...

background and objective: epilepsy is a long-lasting central nervous system disorder that is accompany with spontaneous seizures and insufficiency in learning and memory. now drug treatment is the most common therapy but some patients do not research to suitable control of their seizures with current drugs. hence, new treatment is needed to help those patients that are unaffected to existing dr...

This paper examines how price minimizing behaviors impact efforts to stop smoking. Data on 4,988 participants from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation (ITC) Four-Country Survey who were smokers at baseline (wave 5) and interviewed at a 1 year follow-up were used. We examined whether price minimizing behaviors at baseline predicted: (1) cessation, (2) quit attempts, and (3) succe...

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a enfeeble neurodegenerative disorder characterized by increased β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and neuronal dysfunction leading to impaired learning and recall. Among proposed risk factors, impaired cholinergic transmission is a main cause for incidence of disease. Methods: In the present study, effects of the intracerebroventricularly administration of an ...