This paper is a review of wet and dry etching of one of the most common types of glass: Pyrex. The paper analyzes the methods for increasing the glass etch rate in HF solutions, namely, annealing, concentration, ultrasonic agitation and temperature. The limitations of the wet etching of glass are also presented. Mashing layers commonly used for deep wet etching of glass are analyzed, in terms o...

The Granger causality test is used to examine the effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on global dry/wet conditions. The results show robust relationships between dry/wet conditions and the ocean states, as assessed through a multi-index (standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index and standar...

The effectiveness of cleaning organic contaminants from silicon dioxide (SiO2) surfaces was studied by conducting highly sensitive measurements using Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) with a Si prism as the waveguide. To serve as an example, the surface of the prism was oxidized to an order of a few nanometers. The oxidized Si surface film was allowed to stand i...

The optimization of etchant parameters in wet etching plays an important role in the fabrication of semiconductor devices. Wet etching of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)/isopropyl alcohol (IPA) on silicon nanowires fabricated by AFM lithography is studied herein. TMAH (25 wt %) with different IPA concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30 vol %) and etching time durations (30, 40, and 50 s) were in...

This study was conducted to clarify the influence of dentin surface moisture on bond strength of single-step self-etch adhesive systems. The adhesive systems used were Adper Prompt L-Pop (AP), Clearfil tri-S Bond (CT), Fluoro Bond Shake One (FB), G-Bond (GB), and One-Up Bond F Plus (OF). Bovine mandibular incisors were wet-ground with #600 SiC to expose the labial dentin. After rinsing with tap...

Serum sensitization of the acid-fast bacteria causes two definite and directly observable changes in the bacterial surface: 1. A change from a surface readily wet by oil to a surface more readily wet by aqueous salt solution than by oil. This change is observed by microscopic examination of the bacteria in a saline-oil interface; thus detected, the surface alteration is said to constitute a "po...

Marine mussels utilize a variety of DOPA-rich proteins for purposes of underwater adhesion, as well as for creating hard and flexible surface coatings for their tough and stretchy byssal fibers. In the present study, moderately strong, yet reversible wet adhesion between the protective mussel coating protein, mcfp-1, and amorphous titania was measured with a surface force apparatus (SFA). In pa...

In laboratory sandpack tests for heavy oil recovery by alkaline flooding, it was found that wettability alteration of the sand had a significant impact on oil recovery. In this work, a heavy oil of 14 API was used to examine the effect of organic acids in the oil and water chemistry on wettability alteration. From interfacial tension measurements and sand surface composition analysis, it was c...

The friction force for aircraft landing is mainly provided by the texture of runway surfaces. mechanism underlying generation energy dissipation tire rubber materials during random excitation induced asperities. However, surface deteriorated cyclic loading and environmental effects service life a runway, leading to loss braking extension distance. Additionally, when an lands on wet at high velo...