Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS) in patients with suspected bile duct stones rules out the presence of up to 65% patients, thus preventing unnecessary Retrograde Cholangiography Sphincterotomy (ERC ES) and its complications majority cases.1 Increased use EUS for ruling has led more cases which sludge is detected. Sludge an ultrasound diagnosis usually described as layered, mobile, low-amplitude...

AIM: to improve the results of chronic anal fissure treatment.PATIENTS AND METHODS: prospective randomized study included 176 patients divided in two groups. Eighty-eight underwent excision combination with injection botulinum toxin type A (incobotulinum toxin) into internal sphincter (main group, BTA), and 88 lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy (control LIS).RESULTS: on 30th day after surgery,...