[150 words] In spite of electoral change since the 1990s, party composition of government changes less and established parties stay in office longer than others regardless their electoral fortunes. This development is conducive to incongruence between the changing pattern of parties represented in parliament and those getting into government. It is argued that office seeking behaviour has becom...

TエW UK P;ヴノキ;マWミデげゲ ;Iデキ┗キデ┞ キミ ヮ┌HノキI Wミェ;ェWマWミデ エ;ゲ ヴWIWミデノ┞ W┝ヮ;ミSWS IラミゲキSWヴ;Hノ┞く F;IWS ┘キデエ declining levels of trust, it has invested considerable time and resources to new activities focusing specifically on engagement: educational resources and cultural events among many others. This embodies a new role for parliament of increasing importance particularly in the context of the twentyfir...

the local institutions in iran, like many countries in the world, have been established in order to realize decentralization system. the city councils are one of the most important institutions which conduct the affairs of the city with theirs executive organs. these councils make some important decisions in their legal jurisdictions which review on these decisions is very important. so the leg...

[150 words] In spite of electoral change since the 1990s, party composition of government changes less and established parties stay in office longer than others regardless their electoral fortunes. This development is conducive to incongruence between the changing pattern of parties represented in parliament and those getting into government. It is argued that office seeking behaviour has becom...

T he recent push for more women parliamentarians around the world via positive action measures such as gender quotas naturally begs the question of whether the increased descriptive representation of women in parliament is making a substantive difference, in terms of the types of policies passed, behavioral norms, and procedures. How does the substantive representation of women take place? One ...