Dedicated to the paradise from which we cannot be driven. Declaration I, Christian Feist, solemnly declare that I have written this project work independently, and that I have not made use of any aid other than those acknowledged in this project work. Neither this project work, nor any other similar work, has been previously submitted to any examination board.

We encounter with some pronouns in the Holy Quran that are with no reference. Of course this makes mind search for their reference with regard to the verses’ meaning and intention, otherwise it views as subjective interpretation of Quranic text. One of these cases is the pronoun ‘this’ in (7: 43) in which anyone who is in Paradise says: “All praise is due to Allah who gu...

The species-specific associations of the African brood parasitic finches Vidua with their estrildid finch host species may have originated by cospeciation with the host species or by later colonizations of new hosts. Predictions of these alternative models were tested in two species groups of brood parasites (indigobirds, paradise whydahs) and their hosts. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that t...