To investigate the influence of semantic/pragmatic variables on children's production of verb-phrase anaphora (VPA), a spoken sentence completion task (e.g., John is throwing a ball and ... Mary is too) was administered to four-, seven- and ten-year-olds. The frequency of VPA production was affected by whether the two clauses had the same or different polarity and by whether the actions were po...

Thrower's fractures are spiral fractures of the humerus caused by forceful throwing of a ball. Although these fractures have been cited in the literature, little research exists regarding the significance of stress fractures and fatigue injuries that may precede these injuries. This article presents 3 cases of middle-aged recreational baseball pitchers who sustained mid to distal third spiral h...

A motor learning support system for speedy motion of an upper extremity is proposed. A learner throws a ball underhanded using a force feedback device, and then the learner can perform the motion feeling ball’s weight. Throwing motion is speedy and complicate, so we built a training environment that the learner can select challenge level that is suitable to learner’s ability. Furthermore, the s...

Analysis of the final phase of the overarm handball throw was carried out by a microcomputerized treatment of photographic images taken simultaneously in two grid layouts. Reflective stickers on the joints of the throwing arm (shoulder, elbow, wrist) allowed the coordinates of these three points to be measured against a reference on the wall. Using a mathematical treatment and Euler matrices, t...

This study investigated how the human CNS organizes complex three-dimensional (3D) ball-throwing movements that require both speed and accuracy. Skilled baseball players threw a baseball to a target at three different speeds. Kinematic analysis revealed that the fingertip speed at ball release was mainly produced by trunk leftward rotation, shoulder internal rotation, elbow extension, and wrist...

The accuracy of throwing in games and sports is governed by how errors in planning and initial conditions are propagated by the dynamics of the projectile. In the simplest setting, the projectile path is typically described by a deterministic parabolic trajectory which has the potential to amplify noisy launch conditions. By analysing how parabolic trajectories propagate errors, we show how to ...

the present study aimed to examine throwing accuracy and spatial and digit working memory of field dependent-independent participants. the group embedded figure test (geft) was distributed among 320 male students and based on the geft scores, 45 participants were randomly divided into field dependent, field independent and control group (15 participants/each group). the study included two tasks...