BACKGROUND Fat grafting is now widely used in plastic surgery. Long-term graft retention can be unpredictable. Fat grafts must obtain oxygen via diffusion until neovascularization occurs, so oxygen delivery may be the overarching variable in graft retention. METHODS We studied the peer-reviewed literature to determine which aspects of a fat graft and the microenvironment surrounding a fat gra...

the polarographic reduction of aromatic carbodiimides in anhydrous aprotic solvents goes through a carbene intermediate by a diffusion controlled process in two one-electron steps. the first step is the rate-determining step and converts the carbodiirnide to a radical anion (6) that reduces further by a fast one-electron step to a carbene dianion intermediate (7). this abstracts an oxygen, alon...

(18)O/(16)O exchange annealing and subsequent Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analysis is used to investigate oxygen transport in dense, nanocrystalline (average grain size d ≈ 300 nm) ceramics of nominally un-doped BaTiO3. Isotope penetration profiles are obtained as a function of temperature, 973 < T/K < 1173, at an oxygen activity aO2 = 0.20 and as a function of oxy...