There is large variation in dominant follicle diameter at the time of GnRH-induced ovulation in the CO-Synch protocol [a first GnRH injection on d -9 (GnRH1), followed by PGF(2alpha) on d -2, and a second GnRH injection (GnRH2) with timed AI on d 0], and the reason for the presence of small dominant follicles at GnRH2 is not known. Our hypothesis was that ovulatory response to GnRH1 and progest...

STUDY QUESTION What alters cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors with aging in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Lipid parameters, mainly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, increase with aging, but not in women who attain ovulatory cycles. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Cardiovascular and metabolic parameters tend to increase with aging, but this has not been sh...

Obesity has a negative effect on reproductive potential due to functional changes in the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Ovarian (HPO) axis. Obesity is often associated with hyperinsulinemia,a known stimulus for increased androgen production.8 Androgens get converted to oestrogen (Og) in periphery namely in Adipose tissue (AT) present in excess=> negative feedback on the HPO axis and thus affecting gonad...

Hirsutism, the presence of terminal (coarse) hairs in females in a male-like pattern, affects between 5% and 10% of women. Of the sex steroids, androgens are the most important in determining the type and distribution of hairs over the human body. Under the influence of androgens hair follicles that are producing vellus-type hairs can be stimulated to begin producing terminal hairs (i.e., termi...

OBJECTIVE Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is associated with increased pain, but there has been a lack of well-controlled research assessing pain responsivity, sex hormones, and their relationships in this group. This study was designed to address this gap in the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy, regularly cycling participants (14 PMDD, 14 non-PMDD) attended pain testing sessi...

Infertility is the inability to conceive following 1 year of unprotected intercourse in cases where the female is ≤35 years of age or following 6 months of unprotected intercourse for women >35 years of age. The female factor infertility is found in 40% of cases, the male in 20% of cases and the both male and female factors in 20% of cases. Female factors can further be divided into tubal (40%)...