Some cities in Indonesia have a long history of city development, East Java, for example the Surabaya, Malang, Blitar, Kediri and Pasuruan are that urban development still maintains identity city. old buildings or colonial buildings, these can be suspected through characteristics building shapes use ornaments characterized by European buildings. For this to preserved, it is necessary conduct fe...

Despite only a fraction of all organisms having evolved extravagant secondary sexual characters, these have played an important conceptual, theoretical and empirical role in evolutionary biology (Darwin, 1871; Cronin, 1991; Andersson, 1994). Secondary sexual characters such as the antlers of deer and the train of the blue peacock Pavo cristatus are presumed to have arisen and be maintained as a...

In early India, people handcrafted jewellery out of natural materials found in abundance all over the country. Seeds, feathers, leaves, berries, fruits, flowers, animal bones, claws and teeth; everything from nature was affectionately gathered and artistically transformed into fine body jewellery. Even today such jewellery is used by the different tribal societies in India. It appears that both...

Carotenoids determine the yellow-red colours of many ornaments, which often function as signals of quality. Carotenoid-based signalling may reliably advertise health and should be particularly sensitive to parasite infections. Nematodes are among the commonest parasites of vertebrates, with well-documented negative effects on their hosts. However, to date, little is known about the effects that...

Sperm cells are highly vulnerable to free radicals, and sperm quality and male fertility are critically affected by oxidative stress. Recently, sexual ornaments, particularly carotenoid-based colourful traits, have been proposed to depend on a male's capacity to resist oxidative stress, and thus to signal sperm quality. We conducted an experimental test of this hypothesis on great tits Parus ma...

Lattice structures are used in the design of metamaterials to achieve unusual physical, mechanical, or biological properties. The properties of such metamaterials result from the topology of the lattice structures, which are usually three-dimensionally (3D) printed. To incorporate advanced functionalities into metamaterials, the surface of the lattice structures may need to be ornamented with f...