the author in this research has tried to link the alexander pattern language theory, which is based on human oriented and spatial factors, to landscape design, which could come to a cyclic model of “a pattern language for landscape design” in iranian schools of architecture. so, a landscape design process based on the value of human-oriented approach, which is extracted from other values, and t...

The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) has been globally accepted as a framework for language teaching, learning, and assessment. Thailand also adopted the CEFR in 2014 to escalate its English education quality all levels, placing an emphasis on action-oriented approach nationwide. Few studies have explored factors influencing successful implementation. As such, current study, framed...

Alternative assessment approaches received considerable attention soon after a discontent with traditional, one-shot testing. These approaches, however, have been used only to improve learners’ linguistic ability despite communicative models of language which pointed that knowledge of language also involves pragmatic ability (Bachman, 1990; Bachman & Palmer, 1996). The present study tries to ex...

abstract controversy has not been yet resolved among l2 researchers as how to enhance higher-order thinking skills (hotss) in efl contexts. responding to the growing need to foster thinking skills, many l2 educators have recently attempted to investigate the effect of diverse teaching strategies on hots. yet, few studies have focused on the infusion of gardner’s (1999) theory of multiple intell...

language teachers usually face issues regarding the most effective methods of teaching. teaching language to nonnative speakers of english involves certain problems and challenges at all levels of instruction. due to the unsatisfactory results of focus on forms and focus on meaning instructions and their inevitable inadequacies, focus on form instruction along with its multiple techniques are r...

in recent years, formal methods have been used as an important tool forperformance evaluation and verification of a wide range of systems. in the viewpoints of engineers and practitioners, however, there are still some major difficultiesin using formal methods. in this paper, we introduce a new formal modelinglanguage to fill the gaps between object-oriented programming languages (oopls)used by...

This research aims to investigate the contributions of KARDS (knowing, analyzing, recognizing, doing, and seeing) to Iranian English as a foreign language (EFL) institute teachers’ professional identity reconstruction. The researchers employed purposive sampling to choose twenty teachers. A KARDS questionnaire (Hassani, Khatib, & Yazdani Moghaddam, 2019a, 2019b) was used to classify the teacher...

The released ISO 26262 standard for automotive systems requires breaking down safety goals from the hazard analysis and risk assessment into functional safety requirements in the functional safety concept. It has to be justified that the defined functional safety requirements are suitable to achieve the stated safety goals. In this paper, we present a systematic, structured and model-based meth...