Reconstruction of the maxillofacial skeleton after traumatic injury is not always straightforward because of its three dimensional complex anatomy and aesthetic significance. In case of zygomatic-orbital injury induced by trauma resulting in enophthalmos, the patient is affected on both function and cosmesis. To prevent diplopia or conspicuous asymmetry, exact correction of the orbital symmetry...

Childhood is a highly risky age group in terms of orbital injuries. Injuries of the forehead in the presence of orbital ecchymosis, swelling and haematoma of the eyelids, infiltration and swelling of the surrounding tissues and the face must be carefully examined for a high level of suspicion of the presence of orbital fracture and exclusion of intracranial complications which may accompany orb...

The AOCMF Classification Group developed a hierarchical three-level craniomaxillofacial classification system with increasing level of complexity and details. Within the midface (level 1 code 92), the level 2 system describes the location of the fractures within defined regions in the central and lateral midface including the internal orbit. This tutorial outlines the level 3 detailed classific...

introduction: this study was conducted to determine the pattern of maxillofacial fractures in three age groups of adults, adolescents, and children, using ct scan images. methods: in this cross-sectional study, ct scan images of 230 patients with maxillofacial trauma during one year were examined in terms of the number and site of fractures. the patients were divided into three age groups, chil...

PURPOSE The present study was undertaken to investigate the circumstances surrounding the considerable increase in the number of orbital floor fracture repairs at the ORL Clinic at Sahlgrenska University Hospital at the end of the 1990s. PATIENTS AND METHODS All the patients during a period of 1 year with a fracture involving the orbital floor were followed for 1 year using clinical assessmen...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of multislice computed tomography (CT) for diagnosis of orbital fractures following different protocols, using an independent workstation. MATERIALS AND METHODS CT images of 36 patients with maxillofacial fractures (symptomatic to orbit region) who were submitted to multislice CT scanning were analyzed, r...

OBJECTIVE To identify the optimal surgical method for managing blowout fractures of the inferior orbital wall by analyzing the location and type of fracture based on computed tomographic findings and medical records. METHODS Medical records of 102 patients with pure inferior blowout fractures who were treated between June 1996 and December 2005 were reviewed regarding fracture type and locati...

BACKGROUND Restoring orbital volume in large blowout fractures is still a technically challenge to the orbital surgeon. In this study, we restored the orbital wall using the combination of transorbital and transnasal approach with additional supports from the paranasal sinuses, and we compared the surgical outcome to that of a conventional transorbital method. METHODS A retrospective review o...

Currently, endoscopic endonasal reduction and transcaruncular reduction are frequently used as surgical treatments for medial orbital wall fractures. However, these 2 surgical techniques have not been comprehensively compared using objective criteria. Therefore, the results of these 2 techniques were compared retrospectively using 8 objective criteria in patients with medial orbital wall fractu...

BACKGROUND Orbital blowout fractures can be managed by several surgical specialties including plastic and maxillofacial surgery, otolaryngology, and ophthalmology. Recommendations for surgical fracture repair depend on a combination of clinical and imaging studies to evaluate muscle/nerve entrapment and periorbital tissue herniation. METHODS The aim of this study was to verify the applicabili...