The skin is exposed to many factors that cause wrinkling and loss of elasticity. For the past 30 years, Botulinum Toxin (BT) injections have been gold standard treatment for wrinkle reduction. In this article, authors propose a permanent crow’s feet wrinkles: Percutaneous Electromyoneurolysis (PEMN) Orbicularis Oculi Muscle (OOM) which blocks muscular nerve fibers using an electrosurgical unit....

A crossed short latency component (R1) of the human blink reflex could be elicited in orbicularis oculi muscles to stimulation of the contralateral supraorbital nerve, when infraliminal conditioning stimuli were applied to various cutaneous afferents of the body (facial, upper and lower limbs). The crossed R1 responses appeared when the time interval between the conditioning and the test stimul...

We have reviewed the surgical management of essential blepharospasm over the last 15 years, comparing the results from facial nerve avulsion with those from orbicularis muscle stripping. After facial nerve avulsion 50% of patients remained free of troublesome spasm for 15 months after surgery, but only 25% remained so for more than two years. Following orbicularis oculi myectomy 50% of patients...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in lower eyelid position using digital image analysis in patients who have undergone an orbicularis suspension flap combined with blepharoplasty. METHODS A total of 68 patients (136 eyes) underwent a lower eyelid orbicularis oculi suspension flap combined with blepharoplasty. Digital image analysis was used to standardize each patient's preoperative and postopera...

Retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the right orbicularis oculi muscle was used to identify neural networks underlying spontaneous, reflex, and learned blinks. The kinetics of viral transfer was studied at sequential 12 hr intervals between 3 and 5 d after inoculation. Rabies virus immunolabeling was combined with the immunohistochemical detection of choline acetyltransferas...

PURPOSE The authors recently demonstrated that a single injection of the immunotoxin ricin-mAb35 has potent and long-lasting myotoxic effects in extraocular muscles. The myotoxicity of injected ricin-mAb35 was tested in the eyelids of rabbits to determine its potential for use in the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm and other dystonias. METHODS The immunotoxin ricin-mAb35 was injec...

AIM To describe ocular manifestations in newly diagnosed borderline lepromatous (BL) and lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients in India. METHODS Ocular complications, at enrolment, occurring in all new borderline lepromatous and lepromatous leprosy patients detected by active case finding within the geographically defined leprosy endemic area of the Gudiyattam Taluk in India from 1991 to 1997 who...

The present research investigated facial mimicry of the basic emotions joy, anger, and sadness in response to stimuli different formats. Specifically, an electromyography study, 120 participants rated expressions joyful, angry, sad faces presented as photographs or stick figures while muscle activity was measured. Using both frequentist Bayesian approaches hypothesis testing, we found strong su...