the application of a comprehensive model of communicative language ability (cla) to language teaching and testing has always been an imperative in l2 education since hymess proposal of communicative competence in the 1970s. recent l2 research has clearly underscored the importance of sufficient pragmatics representation as an essential component of cla in pedagogical and testing practices in l2...

there has been a gradual shift of focus from the study of rule systems, which have increasingly been regarded as impoverished, … to the study of systems of principles, which appear to occupy a much more central position in determining the character and variety of possible human languages. there is a set of absolute universals, notions and principles existing in ug which do not vary from one ...

the application of e-learning systems - as one of the solutions to the issue of anywhere and anytime learning – is increasingly spreading in the area of education. content management - one of the most important parts of any e-learning system- is in the concern of tutors and teachers through which they can obtain means and paths to achieve the goals of the course and learning objectives. e-learn...

کلیدزنی یک عمل اساسی در شبکه های مخابراتی، کامپیوترهای رقمی و سیستم های پردازش سیگنال است. توسعه سیستم های مخابراتی نوری با نرخ بالای انتقال اطلاعات، نیاز به طراحی مدارهای منطقی و کلیدهای تمام نوری را بیش از پیش افزایش داده است. مزدوج های موازی غیرخطی یکی از عناصر نوری مهم جهت استفاده در ارتباطات و محاسبات اپتیکی است که باعث جذابیت های زیاد تحقیقاتی شده است. تعداد زیادی از کاربردهای این ابزار ...