BACKGROUND The eradication of wild-type polioviruses in areas with efficient fecal-oral transmission relies on intestinal mucosal immunity induced by oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Mucosal immunity is thought to wane over time but the rate of loss of protection has not been examined. METHODS We examined the degree and duration of intestinal mucosal immunity in India by measuring the prevalenc...

Since the introduction of vaccines against polio in the mid 1950s (Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)) and the earl 1960s (Oral polio vaccine (OPV)), the control of polio has been successful. However, vaccine associated paralytic disease, which is caused by reversion of OPV, remains an unsolved issue in the present. Even though OPV has ability to induce a high level of intestinal immunity, it may ...

Since the 1988 World Health Assembly resolution to eradicate poliomyelitis, transmission of the three types of wild poliovirus (WPV) has been sharply reduced (1). WPV type 2 (WPV2) has not been detected since 1999 and was declared eradicated in September 2015. Because WPV type 3 has not been detected since November 2012, WPV type 1 (WPV1) is likely the only WPV that remains in circulation (1). ...

Abstract Bacterial infections pose a severe threat to human health due the exacerbation of antibiotic resistance and intracellular bacterial infections. Research suggests that oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (OPV), commonly employed in manufacture organic solar batteries, can help address this issue. This study demonstrates ability OPV target sterilize Porphyromonas gingivalis methicillin-resistant...

A cruciform-shaped oligo(phenylenevinylene) (OPV) with a phosphorescent rhenium(I) chromophore incorporated at the centre and grafted triphenylamines around the periphery was designed as a new organic photovoltaic material, in which the chelation of rhenium(I) to the cruciform successfully constructs a three-dimensional intramolecular charge transfer system and extends the exciton lifetime; as ...

Background As the global polio eradication initiative prepares to cease use of oral polio vaccine (OPV) in 2020, there is increasing interest in understanding if oral vaccination provides non-specific immunity to other infections so that the consequences of this transition can be effectively planned for and mitigated. Methods Data were collected from infants in an urban slum in Bangladesh (Mi...

Within the past 4 years, poliomyelitis outbreaks associated with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) have occurred in Hispaniola (2000-01), the Philippines (2001), and Madagascar (2001-02). Retrospective studies have also detected the circulation of endemic cVDPV in Egypt (1988-93) and the likely localized spread of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)-derived virus in Belarus (1965-66)....

The phased withdrawal of oral polio vaccine (OPV) associated with the Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018 began with the synchronized global replacement of trivalent OPV (tOPV) with bivalent OPV (bOPV) during April - May 2016, a transition referred to as the "switch." The World Health Organization's (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization recommended ...

In 1988, the World Health Assembly launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) (1). Among the three wild poliovirus (WPV) serotypes, only type 1 (WPV1) has been detected since 2012. Since 2014, detection of WPV1 has been limited to three countries, with 37 cases in 2016 and 11 cases in 2017 as of September 27. The >99.99% decline worldwide in polio cases since the launch of the GPEI...