Forest planners are interested not only in forest spaces that visitors prefer but also in the preferred spatial arrangements of landscape features. In this study, we aimed to clarify walkers’ evaluations of four landscape locations composed of various scenic features in various spatial arrangements along forest walking routes. We also analyzed the trends, differences, and common features associ...

How wild is wildlife? Underneath the debates pitching cat lobbyists against bird lovers and badger defenders against cattle farmers lurks another deeper question, namely what wildlife or wild nature should look like. One might argue that birds coming into our gardens to be fed and badgers well-protected in managed park landscapes have little to do with nature or wilderness. From these considera...

Natural image understanding is a very active and promising research domain both in psychology for visual perception modelling and in computer science for image retrieval. In this study, we investigate the eciency of orientation distributions over the whole image in the scale space. The global distribution of the local dominant orientations (LDO) appears to be a powerful feature for discriminat...

We show that higher order epistasis has a substantial impact on evolutionary dynamics by analyzing peaks in the fitness landscapes. There are 193,270,310 fitness graphs, or cube orientations, for 4-locus systems, distributed on 511, 863 isomorphism classes. We identify all fitness graphs with 6 or more peaks. 81 percent of them imply 4-way epistasis, whereas 9 percent of all 4-locus fitness gra...

1. Grasslands in the Temperate Zone: Distribution and History 2. Characteristics of Old Temperate Grassland Ecosystems 2.1 Grazing and Cutting Regimes 2.2 Nutrients 2.3 Area Size and Networks 2.4 Dynamic Land Use 2.5 Species Richness/Biodiversity 3. Present and Future Policy to Manage Old Temperate Grasslands 3.1 Modern Agriculture and Traditional Temperate Grasslands 3.2 Avoidance of Eutrophic...

There exist local search landscapes where the evaluation function is an eigenfunction of the graph Laplacian that corresponds to the neighborhood structure of the search space. Problems that display this structure are called “Elementary Landscapes” and they have a number of special mathematical properties. The term “Quasi-elementary landscapes” is introduced to describe landscapes that are “alm...

We developed and applied a computational approach to simulate functional effects of the global circulating mutation D614G SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations are combined with deep mutational scanning analysis residue interaction networks investigate conformational landscapes energetics proteins in different states mutant. The results collective motions demonstrate...

This paper explores conceptions of rural-tourist landscapes in late nineteenth century Vermont. Traditionally, scholarly and popular discourse about rural tourism have identified nostalgia and the tourist’s search for harmonious pastoral landscapes as dominant themes in tourist promotions, and as dominant motivations for tourist travel. This paper adds alternative perspectives to this discourse...

Dynamic topography information landscapes are capable of visualizing longitudinal changes in large document repositories. Resembling tectonic processes in the natural world, dynamic rendering reflects both long-term trends and short-term fluctuations in such repositories. To visualize the rise and decay of topics, the mapping algorithm elevates and lowers related sets of concentric contour line...

1. Summary 3072 2. Introduction 3072 3. Recognition of DNA Sequences and Structures 3073 3.1. Classical View of Interactions 3074 3.2. Encounter Landscape 3074 3.3. Binding Landscape 3074 3.4. Significance of Distinguishing between the Landscapes 3074 3.5. Building to Physiological Complexity 3075 4. DNA Structure 3075 4.1. Forces on DNA 3075 4.2. Effects of Ionic Strength 3076 4.3. DNA Length ...