In modern high-tech machinery, lubrication has nearly the same signifi cance as the machine itself. Its main function is to minimize wear on moving parts even in the harshest environments. Due to its essential role in modern engines lube oil degradation can lead to costly failure of the equipment if not detected at an early stage. A continuous oil condition monitoring program helps to avoid unn...

BACKGROUND Most of the scientific publications from the maritime area are studies about the mortality and morbidity, while studies about the present hazards of potentially dangerous exposures are relatively rare. AIMS To describe the seafarers' assessments of the occupational safety on board, their exposure to chemicals and the use of personal protection equipment and to identify the areas fo...

Few production problems strike fear into the hearts of engineers the way scale can. Scale is an assemblage of deposits that cake perforations, casing, production tubing, valves, pumps and downhole completion equipment, thereby clogging the wellbore and preventing fluid flow. Scale, just like the scale found in home plumbing or tea kettles, can be deposited all along water paths from injectors t...

Accurate measurement of water levels deeper than 1,000 feet in wells requires specialized equipment. Corrections for stretch and thermal expansion of measuring tapes must be considered, and other measuring devices must be calibrated periodically. Borehole deviation corrections also must be made. Devices for recording fluctuation of fluid level usually require mechanical modification for use at ...

Drilling activities in the oil and gas industry have been reported over decades for thousands of wells on a daily basis, yet the analysis of this text at large-scale for information retrieval, sequence mining, and pattern analysis is very challenging. Drilling reports contain interpretations written by drillers from noting measurements in downhole sensors and surface equipment, and can be used ...

In response to changing laws as well as increased concern over environmental pollution, there is a current need to examine the best means of disposal of wash water generated by mosquito abatement operations. A study of wash waters from 6 central California mosquito abatement districts shows that herbicide levels were low enough so as not to preclude the use of these waters for recycling back in...

This paper reviews the current refuel valorization facilities as well as the future importance of biorefineries. A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. Biorefineries combine the necessary technologies of the biorenewable raw materials with those of chemical intermediates and final products. Char...

In order to overcome existing complicated and costly simultaneous measurement system, an inexpensive and simple measurement system was suggested to measure the temperature field and velocity field at high temperature. The manganese-activated magnesium fluorogermanate (Mg4FGe6:Mn, MFG) which is one of thermographic phosphor with luminescence characteristic of excitation at 385 nm wavelength and ...