A Model as a Simplification of Reality There is no single model of an economic system. In general, a model is a simplified approximation of reality, and there must surely be many such approximations. Therefore, we have large and small models, real and nominal models, sector and aggregative models, dynamic and static models, long-and short-run models, and so on. The model being used at any one t...

As in the U.S. and Canada, migration is a controversial issue in Europe. For much too long, policy concerns are largely driven by political motives. Hence, it is not surprising that migration policies are mainly based on political objectives. This paper argues that this approach has detrimental effects on assimilation and the sentiments of natives. It first reviews the assimilation literature i...

This study provides a critical literature review of the theory and quantitative evidence of the impact of regulatory policy. The theory is addressed through a causal chain analysis which connects regulatory policy through the " better regulation " agenda to economic outcomes. The literature review is intended to provide a reasonably representative sample of studies on regulatory policy and gove...

Human resources for health are necessary to the delivery of health services; only by securing a sufficient, equitably distributed, adequately supported and well-performing health workforce can any health goals and targets set by national governments or the international community be met [1]. In spite of the recognition of this central role in attaining health outcomes, investments in human reso...

Good nutrition and health for all are recognized as socially desirable objectives around the globe. It is generally accepted that national and local governments have a duty to provide the goods and services necessary for maintaining good nutrition and health. Moreover, improved health and nutrition are critical inputs for achieving broad economic growth and poverty reduction. Malnutrition and i...

Key messages • The adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) at the turn of the century represented the successful inauguration of an effort to expand the focus beyond economic growth so as to encompass human development. As a result of rapid economic expansion and improved social policies in many developing countries, the MDG target of halving extreme poverty by 2015 globally had bee...

A brief history of transportation and the environment The relationship between transportation, technology and the environment is long standing. In the early 1920s, the car was first viewed as an improvement over the horse-polluted city environment. By the early 1930s, interest in an Interstate Highway System grew as a means to help get cars and trucks out of the mud. But, as automobile ownershi...

Nevertheless, the persistence, and even deepening, in Sub-Saharan Africa of a type of small farming that is getting smaller all the time and that demonstrates an even greater orientation toward low-level subsistence than was the case 20 or 30 years ago should be of great concern to all those working on poverty reduction objectives in the continent. The dynamics of small farming in Africa are po...

BACKGROUND Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was first detected in November 2011 in Germany and then rapidly spread throughout Europe. In beef suckler farms, clinical signs are mainly associated with reproductive disorders, particularly in late gestation, and intransient and non-specific symptoms, namely diarrhea, inappetence and fever. The objectives of this study were to develop models that simulate ...