This paper describes the industrial development of Europe to 1600. The conventional history of industrial development sees technological progress as its primary cause. However, this paper argues that the source of rising productivity was not new technology but the reorganization of production in response to falling trading costs and the expansion of trade. The expansion of trade changed which g...

This paper examines the role of knowledge elites in modernization. At the eve of the French Revolution, in the spring of 1789, King Louis XVI solicited lists of grievances (Cahiers de Doléances), in which the public could express complaints and suggestions for reforms of the Ancien Regime. We show that the demand for mass education and democratization was particularly high in regions that had a...

Kunin, Calvin M. (University of Virginia, Charlottesville) and Mary V. Beard. Serological studies of O antigens of Escherichia coli by means of the hemagglutination test. J. Bacteriol. 85:541-548. 1963.-The serological interrelationships among most of the known O antigens of Escherichia coli were studied by the hemagglutination test. Good agreement with the bacterial agglutination test was foun...

This paper investigates the relationship between firm heterogeneity and a firm’s decision to export, using the annual survey of Thai manufacturing firms from 2001 to 2004. A significant contribution of this paper is that we are, for the first time, able to break down FDI by country of origin to observe whether the behavior of MNEs differs by region of origin. We find that entry sunk costs and f...

most of the disasters such as earthquakes can impact on mental health and personal development of children. this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of trauma focused cognitive behavior therapy (tf-cbt) in reduce the anxiety among children survivors of earthquake in eastern azerbaijan, iran. the sample was composed of 30 children exposed to the earthquakes. one year after the earthquakes, al...

This paper uses an unusual month-long blackout in Zanzibar, Tanzania, to measure the effect of electricity on labor and health. Relying on special purpose household surveys I find that the power cut caused a large decline in household income among those employed in occupations that require the use of electricity. Workers relying on artificial lighting reduced work hours by an average of 8%, or ...

This paper presents a novel stylized fact and analyzes its contribution to the skill bias of technical change in U.S. manufacturing. The share of skilled labor embedded in intermediate inputs correlates strongly with the skill share employed in final production. This finding points towards an intersectoral technology-skill complementarity (ITSC). Together with input-output linkages, the observe...