Editorial Challenges abound as to the journals in Persian, which here I will refer to some of them. However, many of these challenges are concerned with all journals. The main problem which most articles suffer is neglecting the three elements of articles' necessity, purpose and benefit by their writers. Sometimes, one, two or all three of these elements are neglected, or little attention ...

Entrepreneurship is influenced by many factors and environments such as institutions. Institutions have an important role to play in the individual's tendency toward necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper was to examine the impact of institutional quality (property rights) on opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship. The results, based on unbalanced panel data f...

The standard semantics for the modal fragment of natural languages can only be correct if there is more than one possible world. The nature and existence of possible worlds is thus of fundamental importance for such a semantics. The paper develops an account of possible worlds in the spirit of the pleonastic account of abstract entities in general, due to Stephen Schiffer (2003: ch. 2). The mai...

This paper presents a rational approach to modelling the triple velocity correlations that appear in the transport equations for the Reynolds stresses. All existing models of these correlations have largely been formulated on phenomenological grounds and are defective in one important aspect: they all neglect to allow for the dependence of these correlations on the local gradients of mean veloc...

Byrne’s criteria for considering imagination rational do not accord with standard notions of rationality. A different criterion – that is, the correspondence between an inference strategy and its domain of application – is offered and illustrated with recent work on possibility judgment. This analysis suggests that, although imagination can be put to rational purposes, imagination itself should...

Hale (1999) presents an argument from McFetridge (1990) for his conclusion, and states (1999, p. 32) that there is an obvious objection. His paper aims to supplement McFetridge’s argument to meet that objection. He concludes that this establishes the necessity of necessity. Below are two independent complaints against Hale. The first is directed against McFetridge’s argument. It is independent ...

AIM Hypotonia is a symptom of diminished tone of skeletal muscle associated with decreased resistance of muscles to passive stretching, which can be caused by abnormalities of the central nervous system, any element of the lower motoneuron, or both. Hypotonia is not a specific diagnosis, but can be part of over 500 different genetic disorders, with many other conditions waiting to be identified...

What is it that explains the rationality of transitions in thought? It is natural to think that any such explanation will need to advert to at least two interrelated issues. The first has to do with what is constitutive of the validity of a transition, and the second with our actual practice of making inferential transitions. Many accounts attempt to deal with both issues simultaneously by show...

This article is about the institutional collaboration in the management structure of a city-region. To achieve this purpose, corporate limits of Qazvin are studied as the city is becoming a region.  The possible institutional cooperative in the centralist governmental structure is planned based on the new regionalism theory and its governance pattern, new institutionalism theory and its emphas...