The main objective of this study was to reveal the impact of nine climate indices on temperature changes and climate oscillations in Golestan Province along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Climate indices data from across the Atlantic-Eurasian sector were collected from the NCEP/NCAR, the Climate Prediction Centre (CPC) and the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) over a period of 40 years (1971...

What are the motivations and opportunities for arms transfer in cyber realm? Although scholarship has failed to systematically address this question, having an accurate answer is crucial understanding operationalization of commands intelligence alliances, functioning North Atlantic Treaty Organization twenty-first century, viability controls. First, article introduces a new conceptual framework...

As a key regional player, Germany can make significant contribution to the defense of NATO and EU. By employing militarily politically essential ground forces, which form basis when organizing other members Alliance, in context application Article 5 North Atlantic Treaty, Germany’s policy on Bundeswehr reform costs this deserve special attention. Whereas second track, vector work as well amount...

After the collapse of Soviet Union and end Cold War, new challenges threats a regional nature emerged. The former countries decided to sign an agreement on collective security against backdrop emerging from various terrorist groups seizure power by Taliban in Afghanistan. This article describes causes history emergence Collective Security Treaty its transformation into entire organization. pape...

At the end of 2021, Russia mobilised over a hundred thousand soldiers along its border with Ukraine constituting permanent threat to and concern for West whole world. On February 24, 2022, initiated military intervention in Ukraine. The Kremlin has decided reconstitute lines former USSR (Union Soviet Socialist Republics) spheres influence Central Eastern Europe.
 After Cold War, Russia, nu...

The collapse of the Soviet Union left behind an enormous territorial space, divided between 15 republics that declared their independence, forced to promptly respond all challenges, especially those related security, or issue ensuring national security states always being center attention military and political leadership from countries without exception. Thus, were faced with choice, either de...