Ultrafast crystal-to-liquid phase transition induced by femtosecond pulse laser excitation is an interesting material's behavior manifesting the complexity of light-matter interaction. There exist two types of such phase transitions: one occurs at a time scale shorter than a picosecond via a nonthermal process mediated by electron-hole plasma formation; the other at a longer time scale via a th...

We report on the discovery of a diffuse X-ray source with ASCA, presumably associated with a molecular cloud in the vicinity of the supernova remnant RX J1713.7−3946. The energy spectrum (1–10 keV) of the hard X-ray source shows a flat continuum, which is described by a power-law with a photon index of Γ = 1.0 −0.3. We argue that this unusually flat spectrum can be best interpreted in terms of ...

Most burns are thermal and can be treated on an outpatient basis with conventional care that includes daily dressing changes, debridement, and infection control. These treatments can exacerbate pain associated with burns. Noncontact, low-frequency, nonthermal ultrasound therapy is delivered via sterile saline mist and has been used to cleanse and debride a variety of acute and chronic wounds, i...

The unusual class of magnetized nonthermal radio filaments (NTF), threads and streaks with their unique physical characteristics are found only within the inner couple of degrees of the Galactic center. Also, a number of young, mass-losing and rare stellar clusters are recognized to lie in the Galactic center region. The latter characteristic of the Galactic center region is used to explain the...

Several dynamic thermal and nonthermal scattering processes affect ultrafast heat transfer 7 in metals after short-pulsed laser heating. Even with decades of measurements of electron8 phonon relaxation, the role of thermal vs. nonthermal electron and phonon scattering on 9 overall electron energy transfer to the phonons remains unclear. In this work, we derive 10 an analytical expression for th...

A one-dimensional periodic array of elastically colliding hard points, with a noncentrosymmetric unit cell, connected at its two ends to identical but nonthermal energy reservoirs, is shown to carry a sustained unidirectional energy current.

The radiation mechanisms contributing to formation of the nonthermal spectrum of the Crab Nebula, as well as the information that could be derived from future observations in different energy bands, are discussed.

The origin of the extragalactic gamma-ray background radiation at 1–10 MeV is still unknown. Although the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) up to a few hundreds keV can be accounted for by the sum of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs), current models of AGN spectra cannot explain the background spectrum beyond ∼1 MeV, because of the thermal exponential cutoff of electron energy distribution assumed in t...

Relativistic electron-positron winds with strong magnetic fields are considered as a source of radiation for cosmological γ-ray bursters. Such a wind is generated by a millisecond pulsar with a very strong magnetic field. An electronpositron plasma near the pulsar is optically thick and in quasi-thermodynamic equilibrium. It is shown that the main part of radiation from the pulsar wind is nonth...

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are liquids or solids that contain organic carbon (carbon bonded to carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, or sulfur, but not carbonate carbon as in CaCO3 nor carbide carbon as in CaC2 or CO2), which vaporize at significant rates. VOCs are probably the second-most widespread and diverse class of emissions after particulates. VOCs are a large family of compounds. Some (e.g...