This article examines the meanings of “attack” in international law. It points out that the term is used in two distinct bodies of that law. First, the term “armed attack” appears in the jus ad bellum, which governs when a State may resort to force as an instrument of its national policy. In that context, it serves as a condition precedent to the resort to force in self-defence pursuant to Arti...

The present paper provides a meta-study of security and defence foresight documents by the Atlantic Alliance, European Union and various official bodies linked to the Defence Ministries of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom and United States. It focuses on the political and social trends impacting on defence and military issues. In global terms, the following can be disce...

We consider the channel access problem in a multi-channel opportunistic communication system with imperfect channel sensing, where the state of each channel evolves as a non independent and identically distributed Markov process. This problem can be cast into a restless multi-armed bandit (RMAB) problem that is intractable for its exponential computation complexity. A natural alternative is to ...

for a finite group $g$ let $nu(g)$ denote the number of conjugacy classes of non-normal subgroups of $g$. we give a short proof of a theorem of brandl, which classifies finite groups with $nu(g)=1$.

Day to day governance of civilians is not solely the purview states. Rulemaking, rule-enforcing, and goods services provision are central components governance, yet in many instances it non-state actors who assume these functions. We advance study by rebel groups engaged armed confrontation against state governments. identify five key areas research where field best poised go: multi-level use s...

In this article the results of research undertaken to explore the experience of therapy by respectively the survivor of armed robbery and the therapist of the survivor of armed robbery in the case where therapy is prematurely terminated by the survivor of armed robbery are discussed. A high percentage of therapy for the survivor of armed robbery is being terminated prematurely by the survivor. ...

The emergence of criminal groups—“armed bandits” in the local parlance—in northwest geopolitical zone has compounded security conundrums Nigeria. dominant explanation for ongoing banditry draws on “ungoverned spaces” theoretical framework to contend that phenomenon is a by-product state’s abject failure monopolize violence over its territory. part state impose order territory leaves much room l...

Based on two case studies from Syria, this article argues that unilateral external intervention in protracted conflicts is not only about military and financial support to one or other warring party. Unilateral actors often get involved the negotiation of local agreements, creating a hybrid form combines roles warfighting, mediation, policing. In context, are able transform their military, logi...

This study aimed to examine whether central command increases oxygenation in non-contracting arm muscles during contralateral one-armed cranking and whether the oxygenation response caused by central command differs among skeletal muscles of the non-exercising upper limb. In 13 male subjects, the relative changes in oxygenated-hemoglobin concentration (Oxy-Hb) of the non-contracting arm muscles...

Abstract In recent years, the relations between weak central governments and armed groups in periphery have attracted great attention. Rebels, warlords other actors not only undermined authorities' grip on power, but gradually come to shape nature of governance political system their countries. Warlordism, rebelocracies aliocracies are just a few systems identified by students conflict groups. ...