We develop a new theory of supplier diversification based on buyer risk. When suppliers are subject to the risk of buyer default, buyers may take costly action to signal creditworthiness so as to obtain more favorable terms. But once signaling costs are sunk, buyers sourcing from a single supplier become vulnerable to future holdup. Although ex ante supply base diversification can be effective ...

The impact of international trade on domestic growth is revisited in a model with dynamic externalities and static increasing returns to scale. The model embraces features of both classical and new growth and trade theories, allows for learning by doing, and integrates several strains of thought in a general equilibrium with two regions. In contrast to previous work, the model shows that intern...

new theories is a section of manzar academic journal which is dedicated to the specialized workshops of nazar research center that has started since 2009. it provides an opportunity for academics to share and discuss their findings as the result of delving into ancient themes. these theories are presented to readers as comprehensive reports.

This paper studies the extent and variation in production cost pass-through for U.S. outsourcing imports. Data from 4,676 products imported through the U.S. overseas assembly program (OAP) show that outsourcing imports were characterized by incomplete pass-through of production and trade costs to import prices. Notably, passthrough was higher for products assembled in high education countries w...

The string theory is a fast moving subject, both physics wise and in the respect of mathematics. In order to keep up with the discipline it is important to move with new ideas which are being stressed. Here I wish to give extracts from new papers of ideas which I have recently found interesting. There are six papers which are involved: I ."Strings formulated directly in 4 dimensions " A. N...

This paper explores the factors that influence capital structure decisions in South Africa from the perspective of the Chief Financial Officer (CFO). The results of a survey of 33 CFOs of JSE listed companies find that South African CFOs are equally likely to follow the Pecking Order or Static Trade-Off theories. However, smaller companies are more likely to follow the Pecking Order theory whil...

Societal theories of trade policy stress the importance of domestic interest groups, whereas statist theories focus on the effects of domestic institutions. Debates over the relative merits of these approaches have been fierce, but little systematic empirical research has been brought to bear on the relative merits of these theories. In this paper, we argue that, while societal and statist fact...

The optimal and ideal management for any given clinical disorder should be fundamentally aimed at reversing or preventing the pathobiological mechanism underlying the disorder. For hydrocephalus, our current incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology is, in part, responsible for significant inadequacies of the current mainstay of treatment: the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt. The manageme...

As the field of operations strategy matures, we need to refine the theories and abandon weak models through cumulative research. This study contributes to the debate on whether competitive priorities present potential trade-offs or are mutually supportive.

nowadays the environmental civil liability regime has wake fundaments. this article attempts to analysis the new evolutions in the fundaments of environmental civil liability theories in islamic jurisprudence and environmental law .so this paper is divided in tow sections and one introduction. part i study contemporary legal approaches in environmental civil liability and part ii explain and de...