In order to satisfy regulations of CHINA 6 and the corresponding standards fuel consumption, a variety advanced technology are adopted. While manufacture calibrate engine based on WLTC NEDC test cycle during development process, technical route is still lack large number research CLTC. This article firstly investigates mainstream market, then in-depth study influence different emissions compari...

To meet increasingly strict emission legislation and stronger demands on fuel consumption, typical passenger car diesel engines become increasingly complex with more and more controllable systems added. These added systems open up for the possibility to operate the engine at more efficient conditions, but it also becomes more challenging to optimize the settings in the engine management system....

The dynamic development of transport in recent decades reflects the level economic world. sector today is one main barriers to achievement European Union’s climate protection objectives. More and more restrictive legal regulations define permissible emission limits for amounts toxic substances emitted into atmosphere. Numerical CO2 modeling tools are way replace costly on-road testing. Driving ...

In the automotive industry driving cycles have been used to evaluate vehicles in different perspectives. If a vehicle manufacturer focuses only on a fixed driving cycle there is a risk that controllers of the vehicle are optimized for a certain driving cycle and hence are sub-optimal solutions to real-world driving. To deal with this issue, it is beneficial to have a method for generating more ...

Host-pathogen interactions are a major evolutionary force promoting local adaptation. Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) represent unique candidates to investigate evolutionary processes driving local adaptation to parasite communities. The present study aimed at identifying the relative roles of neutral and adaptive processes driving the evolution of MHC class IIB (MHCIIB) gen...

This paper deals with the existence of a common European growth cycle and its identification. Based on the analysis of some descriptive statistics in the time and frequency domain there is clear evidence of comovement in output growth among European countries. Univariate Markov switching autoregressions (MS-AR) are used for individual countries in order to detect changes in the mean growth rate...

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Studies on the characteristics of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in emissions medium-duty diesel trucks are significantly insufficient compared to those heavy-duty trucks. This study investigated regulated and HAPs, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), estimated non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) speciation Ten conforming Euros 5 6 were tes...