School finance reform in Michigan involved centralization (at the state level) of spending decisions about schools, a large tax shift (mostly from property to sales), and a small tax cut. The changes came about after two decades of failed attempts to reduce property taxes in the state, and were the immediate result of an unlikely piece of legislation that abolished all funding for public school...

after a relatively long period of centralization and with the beginning of decentralization experiences since 1970s, the periodical orientations and trends of governments towards both centralization and decentralization systems appeared. stemming generally from political and economic domains, decentralization entered curriculum and education system from these domains. problems such as deficienc...

In this paper we consider the one-dimensional quantum random walk Xφ n at time n starting from initial qubit state φ determined by 2× 2 unitary matrix U . We give a combinatorial expression for the characteristic function of Xφ n . The expression clarifies the dependence of it on components of unitary matrix U and initial qubit state φ. As a consequence of the above results, we present a new ty...

We consider a topological integral transform of Bessel (concentric isospectral sets) type and Fourier (hyperplane isospectral sets) type, using the Euler characteristic as a measure. These transforms convert constructible Z-valued functions to continuous R-valued functions over R n. Core contributions include: the definition of the topological Bessel transform; a relationship in terms of the lo...

In a typical corporate hierarchy, the manager is delegated the authority to make strategic decisions, and to contract with other employees. We study when such delegation can be optimal. In centralization, the owner retains the authority, which fails to motivate the manager to acquire valuable information, leading to suboptimal decisions and inefficient incentive provision to the worker. Benefic...