During seasonal epizootics of neurologic disease and mass mortality in the summers of 1992, 1993 and 1994 on a sea-farm in Ireland, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts suffered from encephalitis associated with infection by a neurotropic parasite. Based on ultrastructural studies, this neurotropic parasite was identified as an intercellular presporogonic multicellular developmental stage of a hi...

Observations have been reported which indicate that mice inoculated intracerebrally with active yellow fever virus may develop an infection which is not only non-fatal but may also be completely inapparent. The most extensive observations were made on mice which showed signs of infection but were still alive 22 days after inoculation with virus of one or another of several 17D substrains. In su...

The mosquito-borne flaviviruses revealed two distinct epidemiological groups. The neurotropic viruses correlated with the Culex vectors, and the viruses associated with haemorrhagic diseases correlated with the Aedes vectors. About the last ones, it is hypothesized that the dengue viruses have evolved from sylvatic strains that are transmitted among non-human primates in West Africa and Malaysi...

There are many potential benefits of delayed or deferred cord clamping (DCC) compared with immediate cord clamping (ICC). Increasing placental transfusion by DCC increases neonatal blood volume and improves transitional hemodynamics. DCC may also increase iron stores, reducing childhood anemia and increasing the transfer of stem cells, which may have antiinflammatory neurotropic and neuroprotec...

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory autoimmune-mediated disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Different treatment protocols, based on neurotropic viral infections and/or immunization with CNS proteins, have been implemented. Although there are encouraging outcomes, cure is still far from reach. Here, we discuss some of these treatment options.

Monkeys and mice surviving cerebral infection with yellow fever virus of relatively avirulent strains have been found to resist maximal intracerebral doses of yellow fever virus of a highly neurotropic strain. Such animals, however, do not resist more than very small doses of intracerebrally inoculated virus of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Animals immunized by extraneural routes, on the ot...

European sporadic bovine encephalitis is a frequent diagnosis in neurologically diseased cattle, but its etiology remained unresolved. Using in situ hybridization, we have detected a recently discovered neurotropic bovine astrovirus in historical tissues in a high proportion of brain samples of affected cattle. Our results suggest that astroviruses were already involved in the pathogenesis of t...

Fungal infections are infrequent causes of brain abscesses. Fonsecaea monophora is a dematiaceous fungus that appears to be neurotropic. We report a case of Fonsecaea monophora infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and review previous reports of brain abscesses by this organism.