Recent studies of mutualism have emphasized both that the net benefit to participants depends on the ecological context and that the density-dependent pattern of benefit is key to understanding the population dynamics of mutualism. Indeed, changes in the ecological context are likely to drive changes in both the magnitude of benefit and the density-dependent pattern of benefit. Despite the clos...

Considerations regarding clinical effectiveness and cost are essential in comparing the overall value of two treatments. There has been growing interest methodology to integrate measures order inform policy promote adequate resource allocation. The net monetary benefit aggregates information on differences mean outcomes; cost-effectiveness acceptability curve was developed characterize extent w...

Lower coronary event rates in women receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have led to a presumption of benefit. The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study, a large randomized trial, observed a 1.4% first year excess of coronary events, well beyond the plausible play of chance on the expected effect. Over the duration of the study, event totals were similar, but patients treated wi...