863 Dear Editor: Insulin-requiring diabetes, whether resulting from type 1 or from progression of type 2 disease, requires strict attention to glycemic control in order to reduce the incidence of microand macrovascular complications. To approach the goal of euglycemia, individualized patient treatment may demand an intensive regimen, which can negatively impact patient compliance due to the “fe...

This study aims to investigate the relationship the high risk injecting behaviour and high rate of HCV infection . Since , most rate of HIV infections are related to injecting drug use . Afghanistan includes about 74% of the world’s opium production in world . There are some influential factors to increase some infection diseases such as poor socioeconomic conditions , high opium production, in...

OBJECTIVE To estimate access, activity and coverage of needle and syringe programmes (NSP) in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. METHODS Two data sets ('regional' and 'high-coverage sites') were used to estimate NSP provision (availability/number of sites), NSP utilization (syringes distributed/year), needle and syringe distribution (needles/syringes distributed/IDU/year), IDU reach...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There are different ultrasound probe positions used for internal jugular venous catheter placement. Also, in-plane or out of plane needle approach may be used for catheterization. Transverse short-axis classic approach is the most popular performed approach in literature. "Syringe-Free" is a new described technique that is performed with oblique long-axis approach. We ...

Harm reduction and HIV/AIDS in North America The emergence of the new disease, AIDS (first reported as a clinical syndrome in the USA in 1981), was the principal reason for the birth of harm reduction in the mid to late 1980s. The first appearance of clinical evidence of AIDS was based on the appearance of opportunistic infections among young populations not normally associated with such infect...

Homelessness is an increasing public health problem. Because of poor living conditions and limited access to healthcare systems, homeless persons are exposed to many communicable infections. We summarize the intervention measures reported to be efficient for the control and the prevention of common transmissible infections among homeless populations. Evidence suggests that appropriate street- o...

OBJECTIVES Our objective was to design an RCT in order to assess the effects of adding a brief skill-based psychoeducation (PE) to routine Needle and Syringe Programs to reduce injection and high risk sexual behaviors associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection among referrals of Drop-in Centers (DICs). METHOD/DESIGN This was a randomized control trial with the primary hypoth...