Rudolf Carnap was a remarkably productive thinker and writer, making contributions on a variety of philosophical topics. As a result, he is a different philosopher for different audiences: For the general public (insofar as it knows him), he is the author of Scheinprobleme in der Philosophie (1928a), Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung (Hahn, Neurath & Carnap 1929), and "Überwindung der Metaphysik...

The article deals with the way of solution to main problems in making Chinese Characters Introduction online course, which are extent theoretical part, teaching radicals, necessity pronunciation Mastering practical Testing acquired knowledge, as well some technical issues such encoding problems, etc.

This paper discusses an important puzzle about the semantics of indicative conditionals and deontic necessity modals (should, ought, etc.): the Miner Puzzle (Parfit, ms; Kolodny and MacFarlane, J Philos 107:115–143, 2010). Rejecting modus ponens for the indicative conditional, as others have proposed, seems to solve a version of the puzzle, but is actually orthogonal to the puzzle itself. In fa...

In the traditional fuzzy logic, the expert’s degree of confidence d(A&B) in a complex statement A&B (or A∨B) is uniquely determined by his/her degrees of confidence d(A) and d(B) in the statements A and B, as f&(d(A), d(B)) for an appropriate “and”-operation (t-norm). In practice, for the same degrees d(A) and d(B), we may have different degrees d(A&B) depending on the relation between A and B....