Signatures of nonlinear dynamics are analyzed by studying the phase-space tendencies of a global baroclinic, quasi-geostrophic, three-level (QG3) model with topography. Nonlinear, stochastic, low-order prototypes of the full QG3 model are constructed in the phase space of this model’s empirical orthogonal functions using the empirical model reduction (EMR) approach. The phase-space tendencies o...
