Abstract We may suppose that the truth predicate we utilize in our semantic metalanguage is a two-place relating sentences to contexts, truth-in-context-X predicate. Seeming paradoxes pertaining can be blocked by placing restrictions on structure of contexts. While contexts must specify domain and what context constant denotes relative context, no belong its own domain. A generalization restric...

This study addresses the problem of improving the quality of natural language (NL) understanding by means of the involvement of the additional criterion of correct formal representation of the input inquiry. This criterion is based on the logical compatibility between the input inquiry, translated into the formal language, and the domain, encoded in the same language. Inquiry generality is meas...

Activation of the Notch signaling pathway segregates the non-skeletogenic mesoderm (NSM) from the endomesoderm during sea urchin embryo development. Subsequently, Notch signaling helps specify the four subpopulations of NSM, and influences endoderm specification. To gain further insight into how the Notch signaling pathway is regulated during these cell specification events, we identified a sea...

The well-known regulative properties of the sea urchin embryo, coupled with the recent elucidation of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that underlie cell specification, make this a valuable experimental model for analyzing developmental plasticity. In the sea urchin, the primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) GRN controls the development of the embryonic skeleton. Remarkably, experimental manipulations r...

We introduce the arrow calculus, a metalanguage for manipulating Hughes’s arrows with close relations both toMoggi’s metalanguage for monads and to Paterson’s arrow notation.

Plotkin has advocated the combination of linear lambda calculus, polymorphism and fixed point recursion as an expressive semantic metalanguage. We study its expressive power from an operational point of view. We show that the naturally call-by-value operators of linear lambda calculus can be given a call-by-name semantics without affecting termination at exponential types and hence without affe...

See related article, pages 1680–1685. Neurogenic stunned myocardium (NSM) is reversible cardiac dysfunction, typically after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).1,2 The most likely pathophysiology of NSM is a catecholamine surge that leads to transient ventricular dysfunction. The pathophysiology is probably similar to Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy3 and cardiac dysfunction caused by fright.4 SAH presents...

We present here MXSL, a subset of XSLT re-interpreted as a syntactic metalanguage for RuleML with operational semantics based on XSLT processing. This metalanguage increases the expressivity of RuleML knowledge bases and queries, with syntactic access to the complete XML tree through the XPath Data Model. The metalanguage is developed in an abstract manner, as a paradigm applicable to other KR ...

We introduce a typed metalanguage based on PCF that includes I/O and store operations. We give an applicative characterization of operational equivalence for this language. Finally, we give an example of a translation from an imperative programming language into our metalanguage, and we demonstrate how to use the theory of the metalanguage to reason about terms in the source programming language.

The Tsc2 product, tuberin, negatively regulates the mTOR pathway. We have exploited the Eker (Tsc2-mutant) rat system to analyse various Tsc2 mutations. Here, we focus on the N525S-Tsc2 variant (NSM), which is known to cause distinct symptoms in patients even though normal suppression of mTOR is observed. Unexpectedly, we were repeatedly unable to generate viable rats carrying the NSM transgene...